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Histo, Anat & Physiol > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue (CT) locations

A
  • Fat tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligament
  • Bone
  • Blood
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2
Q

Functions of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
  2. Provide a route for blood supply, lymph and nerves
  3. Provide compartments and capsule protection for organs – allow independent
    movement of organs and muscle
  4. Provide structure (ligaments, tendons & bone)
  5. Store energy (fat)
  6. Transport materials (blood, defense cells)
    * CT has no contact with the environment
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3
Q

Connective Tissue Composition

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid known as ground substance
    (2 & 3 are part of the Matrix)
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4
Q

The Matrix

A
  • extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance) make up the matrix
  • makes up the majority of tissue volume
  • Determines specialized function Matrix
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5
Q

Classification of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    * Connect and protect (adipose, tendons, ligaments)
    * Subdivided into loose and dense CT proper
  2. Fluid connective tissues
    * Transport (blood and lymph)
  3. Supportive connective tissues
    * Structural strength (bones, cartilage)
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6
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A

Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Mesenchymal cells (stem cells)
Macrophages (Scavengers)
Mast cells
Lymphocytes (WBC)
Microphages (WBC)
Melanocytes

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7
Q

Fuctions of Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes (fat cells), Mesenchymal cells (stem cells):
* Maintenance
* Repair
* Energy storage
Macrophages and mast cells:
* Defend and repair damaged cells
Lymphocytes, Microphages, Melanocytes:
* Gives tissues colour

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8
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • The most abundant cell type:
  • found in all connective tissue proper
  • secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement, a polysaccharide derivative)
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9
Q

Fibrocytes

A
  • The second most abundant cell type:
  • found in all connective tissue proper
  • maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
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10
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Synthesis and store brown pigment melanin
  • Common in epithelium of skin
  • Abundant in connective tissues of the eye and dermis of the skin
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11
Q

Mesenchymal cells (stem cells)

A
  • Respond to local injury or infection
  • Divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibrocytes, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells
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12
Q

Adipocytes (fat cells)

A
  • contains a single, large lipid droplet
  • Cell content (nucleus, organelles, cytoplasm) are squeezed to side
  • Number of adipocytes varies from one type of connective tissue to another, from one region of the body to the another, and among individuals
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13
Q

Mast cells

A
  • Cytoplasm filled with granules containing heparin and histamine
  • Histamine – released after injury or infection; stimulates local inflammation
  • Heparin – levels in blood normally low; anticoagulant that enhances blood flow
    during inflammation; reduces the development of blood clots
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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Migrate throughout the body
  • Tissue damage causes increase in number
  • Some develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies
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15
Q

Microphages (neutrophils and eosinophils)

A
  • Phagocytic blood cells
  • Attracted to site of an infection or injury
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16
Q

Connective Tissues Fibres

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticulin
  3. Elastin
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17
Q

Collagen fibers

A
  • Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
  • Long, straight, and unbranched
  • Strong and flexible – rope like
  • Resist force in one direction
  • For example, in tendons and ligaments
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18
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
  • Strong and flexible
  • Resist force in many directions
  • Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma of the spleen) and structures
  • For example, in sheaths/capsules around organs
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19
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • Contain elastin
  • Branched and wavy
  • Return to original length after stretching
  • For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae
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20
Q

Ground Substances

A
  • Is clear, colorless, and viscous
  • Fills spaces between cells, surrounds connective tissue fibres
  • Viscous so slows pathogen movement
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21
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Fill spaces between organs
  • Support epithelia
  • Cushion and stabilise specialised cells in organs
  • Surround and support blood vessels and nerves
  • Store lipids
  • Provide route for diffusion
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21
Q

Examples of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Areolar tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Reticular tissue
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22
Q

Areolar CT

A
  • Least specialised connective tissue in adults
  • Has an open framework – can distort without damage because its fibres are loosely organised
  • Contains elastin fibres
  • CT just under epithelium of skin
  • Allows independent movement of skin and underlying structures (e.g. muscle)
  • Capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
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23
Q

Areolar CT Locations

A

Within and deep in the dermis of the skin, and covered by epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts; between muscles; around joints; blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Adipose CT Location

A

Deep to the skin, especially the sides, buttocks, and breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys

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24
Q

Adipose CT

A
  • Provides padding, absorbs shocks
  • Serves as packing or filler around structures
  • Acts as an insulator to slow heat loss through skin
  • Role in energy storage
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25
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • created mostly from fibres
  • Tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers
26
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
  • Reduces friction between muscles
    • Tendons
      -Cords of dense regular connective
      tissue
      • Attach muscles to bones
    • Ligaments
      • connect bone to bone and stabilize
        organs
    • Aponeuroses
      • attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
      • Associated with large muscles of the
        skull, lower back, and abdomen
27
Q

Examples of Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Elastic tissue
28
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Locations

A

Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); ; covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae

29
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • Interwoven networks of collagen fibers with no consistent pattern
  • Gives strength to the deep layer of the skin (the dermis)
  • Layered in skin
  • Around cartilages (perichondrium)
  • Around bones (periosteum)
  • Form capsules around some organs (e.g. liver, kidneys)
30
Q

Elastic Tissue

A
  • Type of dense regular connective tissue; made of elastic fibers
  • Help stabilize the positions of the vertebrae of the spinal column
  • Cushions shocks
  • Permits expansion and contraction of organs
30
Q

Elastic Tissue Locations

A

Between vertebrae of the spinal column (ligamenta flava and ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelial; in blood vessel walls

31
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue

A
  • Provide framework to support body
    Skeletal system
  • Includes:
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
32
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Cartilage is a firm but flexible tissue
  • Contains only one cell type chondrocytes
    * Occupy small chambers known
    as lacunae
    * Immature chondrocytes are
    called chondroblasts – actively
    secrete matrix during cartilage
    growth
  • Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfates
  • Cartilage set apart from surrounding tissues by fibrous perichondrium
    o Perichondrium contains two
    distinct layers
     Outer fibrous region of dense
    irregular connective tissues -
    gives protection and support, and
    attaches cartilage to other
    structures
     Inner, cellular layer - important
    for growth and maintenance of
    cartilage
    o Blood vessels in perichondrium
    provide oxygen and nutrients to
    the underlying chondrocytes
33
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

o Hyaline cartilage
o Elastic cartilage
o Fibrocartilage

34
Q

Examples of Hyaline Cartilage

A

o Connections between the ribs and the sternum
o Nasal cartilages
o Articular cartilages covering opposing bone surfaces within many joints – such as elbow and knee

35
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common type of cartilage
  • Dense perichondrium surrounds hyaline cartilages (except inside joint
    cavities)
  • Tough but flexible – matrix contains closely packed collagen fibres
36
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Functions

A

Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

37
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Locations

A

Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

38
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • Extremely resilient and flexible – contains numerous elastic fibres
39
Q

Examples of Elastic Cartilages

A

oExternal flap (the auricle) of the outer ear
oEpiglottis – prevents food and liquids entering the windpipe when swallowing
oAuditory canal – passageway to the middle ear cavity
oSmall cartilages in the larynx, or voice box

40
Q

Elastic Cartilages Function

A

Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

41
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Extremely durable and tough – it has little ground substance and the matrix has densely interwoven collagen fibres
  • Resists compression
  • Absorbs shocks
  • Prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact
  • Limits movement
42
Q

Examples of Fibrocartilages

A

o Intervertebral discs (pads of fibrocartilage) between the spinal vertebrae
o Around tendons
o Within and around joints
o Between pubic bones of the pelvis

43
Q

Bone tissue

A
  • Very small volume of ground substance in bone
  • Approximately 2/3 of the matrix of bone is calcified
    oConsists of mixture of calcium salts – calcium phosphate, calcium
    carbonate
    oRest is dominated by collagen fibres
    oOsteocytes – bone cells (generally organised in groups around the central canal that contains blood vessels)
    oSurfaces generally sheathed by a periosteum composed of fibrous outer
    layers and cellular inner layers
44
Q

Bone tissue functions

A

Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

45
Q

Subclasses of Bones Tissue

A
  • Compact bone- relatively dense and solid. Forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds medullary cavity (central space), or marrow cavity
  • Spongy bone (trabecular bone)- open network of struts and plates
46
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A
  • Blood: Fluid in blood vessels
    Consists of blood cells surrounded
    by plasma (matrix)
    Functions as transport vehicle for
    CVS
  • Lymph: Fluid that is collected from the
    capillary beds and flows through
    the lymph glands and lymph
    organs
    Lymph has some white blood cells
47
Q

Blood Tissue

A
  • Watery matrix called plasma
  • Contains blood cells and fragments of cells&raquo_space; known as formed elements
  • Formed elements include:
    Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
48
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

(erythrocytes) transport oxygen (and to a lesser degree carbon dioxide) in the blood.
Lack a nucleus. They account for about half of the volume of whole blood and give its colour.

49
Q

White Blood Cells

A

(leukocytes) are nucleated cells, which defend the body from infection and disease.

50
Q

Platelets

A

membrane - enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting.
These cells fragments are involved in clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels.

51
Q

Lymph Tissue

A
  • Forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels
  • Fluid passes along lymphatic vessels where lymphocytes respond to injury or infection
  • Lymphatic vessels return lymph to large veins near heart
  • Recirculation of fluid from CVS, through interstitial fluid, to the lymph, and back to the CVS
  • continuous process, helping eliminate wastes, maintain blood volume, and alert
    immune system to infections in peripheral tissues
52
Q

Types of Membranes

A
  1. Mucous (lines tubes in the body, e.g., gut)
  2. Serous (lines body cavities and secretes fluid, e.g. pleural cavity membranes)
  3. Cutaneous (Skin)
  4. Synovial (Outer area of a joint)
53
Q

Mucous membranes (mucosae)

A
  • Line passageways that have external connections
  • In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
54
Q

Mucous Membranes Structure

A

Epithelial cells – usually simple:
* Surfaces must be moist to reduce friction
* Moisture by:
* Mucus produced by goblet cells,
* by gland secretions
* by fluids (eg urine or semen)
* Moisture facilitates absorption and excretion
Lamina propria:
* Is the areolar loose connective tissue

55
Q

Serous membranes

A
  • Line cavities not open to the outside
  • Are thin but strong
  • Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
56
Q

Types of Serous Membranes

A
  • Peritoneum
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium
56
Q

Mesothelium

A

special name for the epithelium lining body cavities

57
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • Is skin, surface of the body
  • Thick, relatively waterproof, and dry
  • Epithelium in epidermis and CT in the Dermis
  • CT connects epith to underlying structures
  • Loose Aerolar first and then Dense irregular CT proper
58
Q

Synovial membranes

A
  • Line the moving, articulating joint cavities
  • Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)
  • Protect the ends of bones
  • Lack a true epithelium
59
Q

Internal Framework of the Body

A

Connective tissues:
* Provide strength and stability
* Maintain positions of internal organs
* Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Fasciae:
* Singular form is fascia
* The body’s framework of connective tissue
* Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs

60
Q

Types of Fasciae

A
  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
  • Subserous fascia
61
Q

Superficial Fascia

A
  • Between skin and underlying organs
  • Areolar Tissue and adipoise tissue
  • Also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
62
Q

Deep Fascia

A
  • Forms strong, fibrous internal framework
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Bound capsules, tendons and ligaments
63
Q

Subserous Fascia

A
  • Between subserous membranes and deep fascia
  • Areolar tissue

Histo, Anat & Physiol (12 decks)

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