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Histo, Anat & Physiol > Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Describes the STRUCTURE of the body

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2
Q

Histology

A

Microanatomy – the 4 tissues that make up the body

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Describes the FUNCTIONS of anatomical structures

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4
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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5
Q

Cells

A

The smallest living units in the body. Organelles formed from complex molecules – each organelle has a specific function.

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6
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells performing one or more specific functions.

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7
Q

Organ

A

Made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.

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8
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs interacting to perform a
function

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9
Q

Name the Organ Systems

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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10
Q

Integumentary Major Organs

A

Skin
Hair
Sweat Glands
Nails

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11
Q

Integumentary Functions

A

Protect against environmental hazards.
Help regulate body temperature.
Provides sensory information.

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12
Q

Integumentary Diseases

A

Psoriasis
Dermatitis
Melanoma

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13
Q

Nervous Disease

A

Stroke
Vascular Dementia

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14
Q

Skeletal Major Organs

A

Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow

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15
Q

Skeletal Diseases

A

Osteopenia
Osteoporosis

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16
Q

Skeletal Functions

A

Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Stores calcium and other minerals.
Forms blood cells.

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17
Q

Endocrine Diseases

A

Diabetes
Graves’ disease

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18
Q

Cardiovascular Diseases

A

CHD
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis

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19
Q

Muscular Diseases

A

Sarcopenia –wasting with aging

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20
Q

Muscular Major Organs

A

Skeletal Muscles and associated tendons

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21
Q

Muscular Functions

A

Provides movement.
Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

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22
Q

Nervous Major Organs

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Sense Organs

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23
Q

Nervous Functions

A

Directs immediate response to stimuli.
Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems.
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

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24
Q

Endocrine Functions

A

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

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25
Q

Endocrine Major Organs

A

Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Gonads
Endocrine tissues in other systems

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26
Q

Cardiovascular Functions

A

Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste product, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.

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27
Q

Cardiovascular Major Organs

A

Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels

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28
Q

Lymphatic Major Organs

A

Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils

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29
Q

Lymphatic Functions

A

Defends against infection and disease.
Returns tissue fluids to the blood stream.

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30
Q

Respiratory Major Organs

A

Nasal Cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli

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31
Q

Respiratory Functions

A

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs).
Provides oxygen to the bloodstream.
Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
Produces sound for communication.

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32
Q

Digestive Major Organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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33
Q

Digestive Functions

A

Process and digest food.
Absorbs and conserves water.
Absorbs nutrients.
Stores energy reserves.

34
Q

Urinary Major Organs

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

35
Q

Urinary Functions

A

Excretes waste product from the blood.
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced.
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.

36
Q

Male Reproductive Major Organs

A

Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferentia
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum

37
Q

Male Reproductive Functions

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones.
Sexual intercourse.

37
Q

Female Reproductive Functions

A

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones.
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.
Provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
Sexual intercourse.

38
Q

Female Reproductive Major Organs

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary glands

39
Q

Lymphatic Diseases

40
Q

Respiratory Diseases

A

Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis

41
Q

Digestive Diseases

A

Ulcerative colitis
Diverticulitis

42
Q

Urinary Diseases

A

Kidney stones
Interstitial cystitis

43
Q

Male Reproductive Diseases

A

Prostate cancer

43
Q

Female Reproductive Diseases

A

Endometriosis
Uterine fibroids

44
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  • All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
45
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant
internal environment

46
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle
  • The cell’s control center
  • Contains the genetic material
  • Programs protein synthesis within the cell
47
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

internal passageway

47
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

a watery medium that surrounds the cell and is divided into:
* Fluid within blood vessels – Blood plasma
* Fluid around the cells – Interstitial fluid

47
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • (cell membrane) forms a selective barrier
  • separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
  • Receives signals from outside the cell and communicates these to the nucleus
  • Composed of:
    * Double lipid layer
    * Proteins – found within and attached to the membrane
47
Q

How much fluid takes up a body’s mass

48
Q

Cytoplasm

A

(intracellular fluid) fluid filling cells cytoplasm
Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles

49
Q

Plasma membrane lipids

A
  • Double layer of phospholipid molecules
  • Hydrophilic heads— toward watery environment, both sides
  • Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails—inside membrane
  • Barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds
50
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A
  • Integral proteins- within the membrane
  • Peripheral proteins- bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
  • Control ion and fluid movement and for communications (e.g. binding to hormones)
51
Q

The prefix glyco

A

refers to sugars (glucose) attached to the proteins or lipids. (Plasma Membrane)

52
Q

Plasma membrane: Functions

A
  • Physical isolation
    -Barrier separating inside of cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid
  • Regulates exchange with environment
    -Controls entry of ions and nutrients
    -Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
  • Monitors the environment
    -Receptors allow cell to recognize and respond to
    specific molecules
    -Chemical signals (hormones) from other cells
    -Affected by changes in composition, concentration,
    or pH of extracellular fluid composition
  • Structural support
    -Anchors cells and tissues (cell to cell attachments)
53
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement of substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

54
Q

Diffusion – barrier function

A
  • Plasma membrane acts as barrier that selectively restricts diffusion
  • Ion or molecule can diffuse across a plasma membrane only by:
    -Crossing the lipid portion of the
    membrane (simple diffusion)
    -Passing through a membrane channel
    (channel-mediated diffusion)
55
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Often referred to as the ‘powerhouses’ of cells
  • Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)
  • Mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP (energy)
  • ATP – unit of energy
  • glucose + oxygen + ADP –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
56
Q

Cell Types

A

Red Blood Cells, Fat Cells, Nerve Cells

56
Q

Cell Differentiation

A
  • All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions
  • Cells specialize or differentiate
  • To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons or nerve cells)
  • By turning off all genes not needed by that cell
57
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Lose their nucleus and all internal organelles except
    haemoglobin.
  • Haemoglobin (a protein with an iron molecule) attaches O2 and CO2.
  • Blood is 45% red blood cells.
58
Q

Fat Cells

A
  • Adipocytes or fat cells.
  • Most of cell is taken up by a large drop of lipid (or fat).
  • All organelles pushes to edge of cell.
  • Provides an energy reserve, protects and insulates us.
58
Q

Nerve Cells

A
  • Neurons or nerve cells.
  • Have special processes that allow communication between parts of the body.
  • Receive and send signals.
59
Q

Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
60
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
Classed by Morphology

61
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that carry out a specific function – cells are organised into 4 tissue types

62
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, stores energy reserves
Classed by Morphology

63
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Specialised for contraction, includes the skeletal muscles, muscle of the heart, muscular walls of hollow organs
Classed by Structure

64
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses
Classed by Structure

65
Q

Epithelium in the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)

A

lining of the gut

66
Q

Connective tissue in the GIT

A

attach parts of the gut to the body wall

67
Q

Muscle in the GIT

A

for segmentation and peristalsis

68
Q

Nerve Tissue in the GIT

A

to regulate the passage of the food/chyme/fecal matter

69
Q

Muscle cells in the leg

70
Q

Nerve Cells in the leg

A

give a signal to contract

71
Q

Connective Tissue in the leg

A

nourish and to hold the structure together, and the muscle is attached to bone by tendons – a special type of connective tissue

Histo, Anat & Physiol (12 decks)

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