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MBBS > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

Fills space between other types of tissue
Structural support
Attachment
Physical protection
Defence against infection
Regulate metabolism
Lipid store
Wound healing

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2
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Hard
Soft

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3
Q

Where is soft connective tissue found?

A

Dermis of skin
Capsule for organs
Tendons and ligaments
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue

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4
Q

Where is hard connective tissue found?

A

Bone
Cartilage

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5
Q

What is soft connective tissue made of?

A

Extracellular matrix of amorphous ground substance (GAGS) and protein fibres, scattered in cells and tissue fluid

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6
Q

Cells in soft connective tissue

A

Permanent cells - fibroblast and adipose
Transient cells - phagocytic and immunocompetent (mast cells, plasma, leukocytes, lymphocytes)

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7
Q

Fibroblast

A

Synthesise collagen and ground substance
Mature - nucleus is condensed and elongated with sparse cytoplasm
Active fibroblast have more cytoplasm with RER and larger Golgi

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8
Q

Adipose (fat) cells

A

Mostly found in large adipose spreads
Largest store of materials in body that provides energy
Deposits act as shock absorbers
Can fill the spaces between tissues and keep tissues in place

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9
Q

Properties of collagen

A

Most abundant fibres in the connective tissues
Inelastic and have a high tensile strength
Arranged in parallel rows to form bundles

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10
Q

Types of collagen

A

Type 1 - most abundant, widespread distribution, forms fibres
Type 2 - found in hyaline and elastic cartilage, forms thin fibres
Type 3 - forms reticular fibres, polymerise with other types of collagen
Type 4 - basal lamina, doesn’t form fibres
Type 5 - small amounts in basal lamina, foetal membranes and vessels

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11
Q

Collagen type 1

A

Most abundant protein in human body
Tensile strength higher than steel
Synthesised by fibroblasts
Formed of 3 polypeptide chains

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12
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Stretchable and resilient fibres
Hydrophobic - assembles by cross linking
Made as tropoelastin monomers which polymerises outside the cell
Microfibres of structural glycoprotein fibrillin incorporate in elastin to form elastic fibres

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13
Q

Ground substance

A

Viscous semi fluid gel
Colourless transparent mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Acts as lubricant and barrier to penetration by foreign particles
Regulates metabolism in soft connective tissue by allowing movement of fluid between blood and tissues

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14
Q

Proteoglycans structure

A

Composed of a core of protein with carbohydrate side chains
Main carbohydrate is called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides

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15
Q

GAGs

A

Linear polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide units made of hexose or hexuronic acid along with hexosamine

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16
Q

Proteoglycans function

A

Carbohydrate chains do not fold into compact structures but adopt highly extended shapes that occupy a large volume
Very hydrophilic due to negatively charged hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulphate groups
Turgor allows extracellular matrix to withstand compressive forces

17
Q

Main functions of basal lamina

A

Provide an attachment to underlying connective tissue
Act as a selectively permeable barrier, controls entry and exit to/from cells
Control epithelial growth and cell specialisation/differentiation
Form a barrier to downward growth of the epithelium

18
Q

Types of soft connective tissue

A

Loose
Dense (regular or irregular)

19
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Digestive/respiratory tracts, hypodermis of skin
Contains elastic fibres and collagen bundles
Fibroblasts recognised by their oval nuclear shape
Immunocompetent/phagocytic cells may be present - mast cells, macrophages

20
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Depending on orientation of collagen fibres, can be described as irregular or regular
Found in dermis of the skin
Sparse fibroblasts, found between collagen bundles
Mast cells, macrophages and blood capillaries present

21
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Larger part of skin thickness
Consists of papillary and reticular layers
Contains blood vessels. lymphatics and nerves

22
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Found in tendons and ligaments
Consists of regularly orientated parallel bundles of collagen fibres
Fibrocyte nuclei appear as thin dark lines

23
Q

Elastic ligament

A

Contain elastic fibres so the ligament can stretch but stores energy to help bring the head back up
Contains collagen for tensile strength and to prevent overstretching

MBBS (16 decks)

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