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MBBS > Cells & Organelles > Flashcards

Cells & Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Semi independent living unit within the body containing the mechanisms for metabolism, growth and replication
Consists of aqueous solution of organic molecules surrounded by membranes

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Subunit within a cell with a defined structure and performing specific activities - some are membrane bound, others are non membranous

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3
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that carry out similar and coordinated activities within the body

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4
Q

Organ

A

Assembly of tissues coordinated to perform specific functions within the body

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5
Q

System

A

Assembly of organs with specific related activities OR functional network of cells situated in many different parts of the body

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6
Q

Normal range of volume for cells

A

1000-5000 micrometres cubed

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7
Q

Size of erythrocyte

A

100 micrometres cubed

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8
Q

Size of oocyte

A

4,000,000 micrometres cubed

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9
Q

What limits the size of a cell

A

Rate of diffusion:
- Movement of metabolites within the cell
- Uptake of O2
- Movement of mRNA from the nucleus
- Movement of vesicles

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10
Q

What distance is diffusion less efficient at?

A

Greater than 50 micrometres

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11
Q

Solution to slow diffusion rates

A

Using cytoskeleton to move organelles
Giant cells with multiple nuclei so gene expression takes place in multiple locations
Gap junction between cells so there is efficient movement of metabolites through cells

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12
Q

EM samples

A

Cells are dead, fixed and dehydrated

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13
Q

Resolution of eye

A

0.2mm

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14
Q

Resolution of light microscope

A

10mm-200nm

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15
Q

Resolution of electron microscope

A

10mm-0.1nm

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Regulates entry and exit of chemicals

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

Aqueous environment with the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol plus organelles

19
Q

Polymers in cytoskeleton

A

Actin
Microtubules (tubulin)
Intermediate fibres

20
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Mechanical strength of cell
Control of shape
Allows movement
Guide movement within cells

21
Q

Nucleus

A

Storage of chromosomes
Site of DNA replication
Site of gene expression

22
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of RNA and ribosome synthesis

23
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Regulates entry and exit of mRNA and proteins - maintains integrity of the nucleus

24
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Protein layer underneath the inner nuclear membrane

25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic oxidation of glucose to generate ATP
Components of ETC located in the inner membrane
Involved in oxidation of fatty acids and gluconeogenesis
Involved in regulated apoptosis

26
Q

RER

A

Coated with ribosomes
mRNA translation and synthesis of proteins for secretion
Proteins are folded
Vesicles budded from RER and transported to the Golgi body

27
Q

SER

A

Synthesis of lipids and steroids

28
Q

Ribosome

A

Translation of mRNA
Synthesis of proteins

29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modification and packaging of carbohydrates and lipids
Create lysosomes

30
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Membrane bound spheres
Bud off Golgi and fuse with plasma membrane for exocytosis

31
Q

Lysosome

A

Involved in autophagy
Low pH maintained by proton pump

32
Q

Autophagy

A

Process of reusing old and damaged cell parts

33
Q

Peroxisome

A

Detoxification
Oxidation of long fatty acid chains

34
Q

Cilia

A

Contains central core of modified tubulin
Sense movement of fluid, moving liquid, detection of sound

35
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

Protein and carbohydrate supporting network outside of cells
Mechanical support for cells and tissues

36
Q

Prokaryote

A

Single celled organism in which the chromosome is floating in the cell and has no membranous organelles

37
Q

Eukaryote

A

Chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus
Contains membrane bound organelles

38
Q

Virus

A

Made of acids and proteins and is parasitic on prokaryotes/eukaryotes

39
Q

Genetic material in prokaryotes

A

Single circular
Free floating in the cytoplasm
Plasmids
70S ribosomes
Divide by binary fission

40
Q

Genetic material in eukaryotes

A

Paired linear
Found in the nucleus
Associated with histone proteins
Extra DNA in mitochondria
Divide by mitosis or meiosis

41
Q

What is a polar cell?

A

Cell where the topography of the plasma membrane is important for its function

42
Q

2 different types of surfaces in cells

A

Apical (next to lumen)
Basolateral (next to extracellular matrix)

43
Q

How is cell polarity established?

A

By protein targeting

44
Q

How is polarity maintained?

A

By tight junctions preventing protein movement from apical to basolateral membrane

MBBS (16 decks)

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