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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of connective tissue?

A

Support, medium for exchange, protection, reparation, storage of fat

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2
Q

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix in CT?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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3
Q

What are the main components of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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4
Q

What glycosaminoglycans are there?

A

Chondroitin; heparan, keratan, dermatan sulphates, hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

What collagen fibers are the most abundant in CT?

A

I and III

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6
Q

What fibers are there in CT?

A

Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

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7
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A

Diffusion of gases and substances and delivering them to cells

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8
Q

Name all these about Aggrecan: types of GAG chains, localization, functions

A

Chondroitin and keratan sulphate, in cartilage, mechanical; forms large aggregates with hyaluronic acid

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9
Q

Name all these about Beta-glycan: types of GAG chains, localization, functions

A

Chondroitin and dermatan sulphate, in cell-matrix interface, binds growth factor TGF-beta

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10
Q

Name all these about Decorin: types of GAG chains, localization, functions

A

Chondroitin and dermatan sulphate, common in CT, connects collagen fibrils and TGF-beta

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11
Q

Name all these about Perlecan: types of GAG chains, localization, functions

A

Heparan sulphate, in basal laminae, structural; filtration

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12
Q

Name all these about Syndecan: types of GAG chains, localization, functions

A

chondroitin and heparan sulphate, on surfaces of cells, cell adhesion, binds growth factor FGF

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13
Q

What are the properties of collagen fibers in CT?

A

Built of collagen type I and III, acidophilus, composed of striated fibrils, thick, form bundles, resistant to stretch and disruption

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14
Q

How are collagen fibers produced and assembled?

A
  1. Preprocollagen molecules get translated in RER, 2. The molecules get hydroxylized and glycosylized in RER, 3. Formation of pro collagen triple helix molecules in RER, 4. Pro collagen molecules are transferred to Golgi and secreted through exocytosis, 5. Cleavage of propeptides - formation of collagen, 6. Self-assembly of collagen molecules into collagen fibrils, lateral aggregation of fibrils into fibers
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15
Q

What are the main features of reticular fibers?

A

Built of collagen III, composed of striated fibrils, thin, form a scaffolding for cells and cell groups

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16
Q

What is the morphology and location of Collagen type I?

A

Morphology: coarse striated collagen fibers, Location: dermis, ligaments, fascia, tendon, fibrocartilage, cornea

17
Q

What is the morphology and location of Collagen type II?

A

Morphology: thin striated collagen fibers, Location: hyaline and elastic cartilage

18
Q

What is the morphology and location of Collagen type III?

A

Morphology: thin striated reticular fibers, Location: blood vessels, bone marrow, lymphatic organs, smooth muscle, lungs, liver, skin

19
Q

What are the main features of elastic fibers?

A

Built of elastin microfibrils, thin, form networks or fuse into flat sheets, highly expandable

20
Q

What do desmosine cross-links do?

A

They give elastin fibers their mechanical properties by straightening under stretch and coiling after cessation of stretch

21
Q

What are the cells of CT proper?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, pericytes

22
Q

Which cells have mesenchymal stem cell origin?

A

Fibroblasts and adipocytes

23
Q

Which cells have hematopoietic stem cell origin?

A

Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells

24
Q

What are the main features of fibroblasts?

A

Produce ECM components, elongated, RER, & Golgi, constitutive exocytosis, get transformed into quiescent fibroblasts in mature tissue

25
Q

What are the main features of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis, immune response, stem from monocytes, capable of ameboid movement, numerous lysosomes

26
Q

What are the two functional types of macrophages?

A

Proinflammatory M1 and antiinflammatory M2

27
Q

What are the main features of plasma cells?

A

Humoral immunity, stem from B lymphocytes

28
Q

What are the main features of mast cells?

A

Type I hypersensitivity (proinflammatory mediators), contain granules, located close to blood vessels, scarce microvilli, originate from bone marrow

29
Q

What are the main secretory products of mast cells that are stored in GRANULES?

A

Histamine (vasodilator), heparin (inactivates histamine), chondroitin sulphate (inactivates histamine), proteases (increase inflammatory response), factors attracting eosinophils and neutrophils to site of inflammation

30
Q

What are the main secretory products of mast cells that are released immediately after activation?

A

Leukotrienes, cytokines (interleukins), platelet-activating factor, free radicals

31
Q

What are the two types of mast cells and what proteases do they contain?

A

Connective tissue mast cells (both chymase and tryptase) & Mucosal mast cells (only tryptase + do not contain heparin)

32
Q

How does the activation of a mast cell work?

A
  1. Binding of IgE to its receptor, 2. Binding of antigen to IgE, 3. Activation of signalling pathways
33
Q

What does the activation of signalling pathways in mast cells do?

A
  1. Increases Ca2+ level resulting in massive exocytosis of granule content, 2. Activation of phospholipase resulting in production and release of leukotrienes, 3. Activation of genes encoding cytokines —> production and release of proinflammatory cytokines
34
Q

What are the main features of telocytes?

A

Are interconnected via their processes forming a signalling network, thus influencing functions of other cells by releasing signalling molecules and by shedding micro vesicles and exosomes

35
Q

What is the classification of CT?

A
  1. Embryonic CT: mesenchymal (embryos, almost no fibers) & mucous (umbilical cord, primitive fibroblasts, very few delicate collagen fibrils), 2. CT proper: loose CT (fibers and ground substance in equal amounts, forms scaffolding in organs) & dense CT (predominant collagen fibers, quiescent fibroblasts) & Reticular Tissue (mainly fibroblasts and macrophages, reticular fibers) & Adipose tissue (white, brown, beige), 3. Supporting CT, 4. Specialized CT: blood, cartilage and bone
36
Q

What are the main features of white adipose tissue?

A

Unilocular, dense network of capillary vessels, fatty acid homeostasis

37
Q

What hormones does white adipose tissue produce?

A

Leptins (inhibit appetite), Adiponectin (regulation of fatty acid and glucose metabolism), Resistin (regulation of inflammatory processes and induced insulin resistance)

38
Q

What are the main features of brown adipose tissue?

A

Multilocular, dense network of capillary vessels, rich Innervation, in neonates, production of heat, numerous mitochondria

39
Q

What are the main features of beige adipose tissue?

A

Not age-dependent, forms small islets in yellow adipose tissue, almost the same as brown adipose tissue function-wise, induced by e.g. muscular activity, reduces the amount of yellow adipose tissue

Histology (6 decks)

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