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Histology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of extracellular substance in cartilage?

A

Collagen fibers, aggregates of Proteoglycans rich in chondroitin sulphates, glycoproteins

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2
Q

What are chondrogenic cells?

A

Stem cells for cartilage, can transform into chondroblasts

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3
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Build bone by actively producing components of ECS during cartilage formation

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4
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Mature cartilage cells, which continue to produce smaller amounts of ECS in order to maintain and strengthen the cartilage

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5
Q

What are the common characteristic for all cartilage types?

A

A vascular, ground substance rich in chondroitin sulphates, chondrocytes in lacunae, chondral territories

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6
Q

What are Chandra’s territories?

A

Lacunae surrounded by condensed ground substance

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7
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A layer of dense CT covering the cartilage surface. It provides the cartilage with oxygen and nutrients as it contains blood vessels.

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8
Q

Which layer of the perichondrium contains chondrogenic cells?

A

The inner layer

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9
Q

What is growth by apposition?

A

When the chondrogenic cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which then deposit additional layers of ECS on the existing surface, leading to an increase in the tissue’s overall size or thickness. (MORE ECS)

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10
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth from within, when the chondrocytes divide in lacunae and produce ECS. (MORE CELLS)

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11
Q

What are the main features of hyaline cartilage?

A

Has chondral territories, collagen type II, ground substance rich in aggrecan

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12
Q

What are the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage?

A

Resistance to compression resulting from properties of highly hydrated proteoglycans (aggrecan)

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13
Q

What are the key features of elastic cartilage?

A

Has chondral territories, collagen type II, network of elastic fibers, ground substance

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14
Q

What are the mechanic properties of elastic cartilage?

A

Elasticity

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15
Q

What are the key features of fibrocartilage?

A

Few chondral territories, collagen type I, small amount of ground substance, no perichondium —> cannot grow appositionally

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16
Q

What are the mechanical properties of fibrocartilage?

A

Resistance to stretch

17
Q

What are the main components of ECS in bone?

A

HA crystals, collagen type I fibers, ground substance (osteoid) with proteoglycans and glycoproteins

18
Q

What is the function of osteonectin?

A

Binds HA crystals to collagen

19
Q

What is the function of osteocalcin?

A

Binds Ca, participates in mineralization

20
Q

What is the function of osteopontin?

A

Binds cells with ground substance

21
Q

What is the function of bone silo protein II?

A

Strongly promotes mineralization

22
Q

What is the function of bone morphogenic proteins?

A

Promote differentiation of osteoblasts, induce formation of new bone

23
Q

What type of junctions are the long processes of osteocytes connected by?

A

Gap junctions

24
Q

How do osteocytes get oxygen and nutrients?

A

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse via canaliculi into lacunae, where osteocytes reside

25
Q

What are the key features of quiescent (resting) osteocytes?

A

Most numerous, poorly developed organelles, produce small amounts of ECS

26
Q

What are the key features of resorptive osteocytes?

A

Contain lysosomes which bread down the surrounding ECS by releasing proteinases, liberate Ca ions

27
Q

How can the activity of osteocytes connected close to each other be coordinated?

A

By exchange of chemical signals through gap junctions

28
Q

What are the key features of osteoclasts?

A

Bone marrow-derived, multinucleated, resorb bone, ruffled border

29
Q

How do osteoclasts digest bone?

A
  1. They seal off the space beneath the ruffled border by integrity ring, 2. They release H+ ions (acidification & dissolution of HA crystals), 3. They realest lysosomal enzyme for extra cellular digestion, 4. The endocytose predigested bone fragments and digest them intracellulary
30
Q

How do osteoblasts control the differentiation and recruitment of osteoclasts?

A
  1. Bone marrow stromatolites cells send out M-CS. 2. M-CS makes osteoprogenitor cells express RANK-receptors. 3. Osteoblasts express RANKL. 4. RANKL binds to RANK-receptors. 5. Osteoprogenitor cells transform into osteoclasts and digest old bone
31
Q

What are bone lamellae?

A

The structural units of mature (lamellar) bone

32
Q

What 2 types of bone are there?

A

Spongy (cancellous) and Compact

33
Q

What is spongy bone built of?

A

Interconnected networks of bone trabeculae

34
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

A compact array of parallel osteoblasts formed around Haversian canals

35
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A layer of dense CT containing blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and inactive osteoclasts

36
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A single layer of flat cells lining the inner surfaces of bone. It’s function is to support and protect the bone tissue

Histology (6 decks)

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