connective tissue Flashcards

(76 cards)

1
Q

what are connective tissues?

A

they connect and support the other three types of tissues in the body

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2
Q

the ECM of connective tissue is composed of what two components?

A
  1. ground substance

2. fibers

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3
Q

the GS has?

A

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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4
Q

the three types of fibers are?

A
  1. collagen
  2. reticular
  3. elastic
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5
Q

what are the functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. provision of structural support.
  2. role as medium for exchange
  3. role in defense and protection
  4. storage of fat
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6
Q

what are the types of connective tissue cells?

A

migrant cells

resident cells

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7
Q

examples of migrant cells?

A

plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and various types of WBC

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8
Q

examples of resident cells?

A

fibroblast, myofibroblast, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

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9
Q

what constitutes the most abudant type of connective tissue cells?

A

fibroblast

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of fibroblast?

A

inactive

and active

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11
Q

describe the inactive fibroblast and its nucelus

A

small ovoid shaped cells with condensed rod shaped nucleus

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12
Q

the cytoplasm of fibrocytes is acidophilic or basophilic?

A

acidophilic

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13
Q

describe the shape of active fibroblast and its nucleus?

A

spindle shaped cell with ovoid nucleus, radiating processes and prominent nucleolus

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14
Q

the cytoplasm of active fibroblast is acidophlic or baso? and what does EM shows is present in the cell?

A

highly basophilic

and contains large amount of RER and ribosomes

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15
Q

what is the function of fibroblast?

A

it secretes protein elastin and collagen

and also secretes components of ground substances

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16
Q

list down organelles and other stuff myofibroblast contains?

A

RER and golgi apparatus
bundles of actin filaments
dense bodies like the smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

function of myofibroblast?

A

wound healing (contraction)

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18
Q

explain unilocular adipocyte ?

A

they have one large fat globule and aggregation constitutes of white adipose tissue

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19
Q

expl multilocular adipocyte?

A

they have small many fat droplets and aggregation constitutes of brown adipose tissue.

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20
Q

unilocular adipocyte gives appearance of?

A

signet-ring appearance.

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21
Q

describe the appearance of an inactive macrophage?

A

they are fusiform or stellate in shape, the nucleus is prominent that fibroblast and has granules (lysosomes)

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22
Q

describe the appearance of active macrophage?

A

spherical, oval in shape, kidney shaped prominent eccentric nucleus, it seems irregular and has numerous folds.

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23
Q

what does ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS do?

A

they phagocytose antigen proteins and transfer them to the macrophages and presented in combination with MHC II

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24
Q

describe what does cytokines do?

A

they belong to interleukin 1 fam

they initiate proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes so immune response is amplified

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25
the active macrophage releases what,which calls cancer cells are called?
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
26
what is MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL?
sometimes the foreign body is to large to be engulfed so the macrophage fuse to form a large multinucleated cell that engulfs the foreign cell
27
what type of macrophages are made at the site of chronic infection?
epithelioid cell
28
what cells are resistant to macrophages?
tuberculosis and syphilis
29
an organized colection of epitheloid macrophages cells are called?
granuloma
30
from where are the macrophages derived from
monocytes
31
what comprises of mononuclear phagocytic system
macrophages, monocytes, kupffer cells of liver, langerhans cells of skin, microglia of neruons alveolar macrophages of lungs and osetoclasts of bones
32
what is the characteristic feature of mast cell?
large secretory granule in the middle
33
what special fixator is used on mast cells?
aniline (toluidine) blue
34
what stain does mast cells pick up?
purple (metachromasia)
35
why causes the metachromasia in mast cells?
heparin cause' it is highly sulfated proteoglycan
36
what secrete the mediators of inflammation?
mast cells
37
where primary mediators of inflammation are stored?
basophilic granules of mast cells
38
what are Primary mediators of inflammation?
Heparin, histamine, 2 proteolytic enzymes (chymase and tryptase) 2 cytokines neutrophil chemotactic factor eosinophili chemotactic factor
39
what are Secondary mediators of inflammation
leukotrienes D4 E4 and C4, tumor necrosis factor, porstaglandin D2 and interleukins
40
functions of mast cells in development of allergic reactions is called>?
immediate hypersensitivity reaction
41
cell membrane of mast cells contains receptors for?
antibody of the immunoglobin E
42
the IgE antibodies are made when?
the plasma cells are exposed to an allergen which may be a protein antigen (pollen, bee sting etc)
43
what happens with the IgE Is exposed to the allergen?
the IgE antibody binds to the receptor on the surface of the plasmalemma of the mast cellss
44
what happens on subsequent exposure to same allergen?
antigen-antibody reaction takes place on the surface of tghe mast cells, that causes the discharge the PMI AND SMI
45
what is local immediate hypersensitivty reaction?
skin rash, rhinitis or asthma
46
what happens in systemic IHR
it is known as anaphylactic shock, happens when substantial amount of IgE Are poduced in hyperallergic people, like histamine which can cause anaphylactic shocks and death
47
role of histamine?
vasodialation bronchospams increase secretion of mucous in respiratory tract
48
from which type of lymphocytes are plasma cells made from?
B lymphocytes
49
what happens when plasma cells engulf the antigen?
the represent the epitome to helper T cells
50
what does helper t cells do?
release protein that make B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells
51
where does plasma cell formation occurs?
in germinal centres of lymphoid follicles of lymphoid organs | e.g tonsils and lymph nodes
52
ground substance of connective tissue composed of?
glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
53
all GAG are sulfated except?
hyaluronic acid
54
the sulfated GAG are covalently bonded to small proteins to form
proteoglycans
55
how many sulfated and non sulfated GAG present?
one non sulfated | and 5 sulfated
56
name the 5 sulfated
chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin
57
what does glycoprotein in the ground substance do?
act as adhesive and bind the components of connective tissues together
58
major adhesive glycoproteins are?
fibronectin and laminin chondronectin osteonectin
59
what cells make up the connective tissue fiber
fibroblast
60
structure of collagen?
triple helical molecule, with 3 polypeptide chains winded around each other giving rope like appearance
61
3 commonest types of amino acids in collagen?
proline, hydoxyproline and glycine
62
collagen are made by what cells?
fibroblast, chondrocytes and osteoblast
63
functions of collagen?
structural support, scaffolding, integrity and provides tensile strength cell adhesion and migration
64
the 3 main groups of collagen are?
fibrillar collagen sheet forming collagen anchoring collagen
65
length of fibrillar collagen
12 to 500nm
66
fibrillar collagen has what type of collagens?
collagen type I II III V XI
67
diameter of collagen type I is
20 to 90 nm
68
collagen type I is found where?
the make up the collagen fibers that make up the connective tissue of the body
69
collagen type II makes up the?
ECM of cartilage
70
collagen type III makes up the ?
reticular fibers
71
collagen type V make up the?
it is in association with type I and makes up the cornea, placenta skin and bone
72
collagen type XI makes up the?
it is in association with type II
73
which type makes up the sheet forming collagen?
type IV
74
sheet forming collagen makes up the/ present in the?
Basement membrane of the epithelial tissue | external laminae of adipocytes, schwann cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cellls
75
what does anchoring collangen do?
it anchors the fibrillar collagen together or anchors sheet forming collagen with each other
76
types of anchoring collagen?
type VII IX XII XIV