connective tissue

Question 1

what are connective tissues?

Answer 1

they connect and support the other three types of tissues in the body

Question 2

the ECM of connective tissue is composed of what two components?

Answer 2

1. ground substance

2. fibers

Question 3

the GS has?

Answer 3

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 4

the three types of fibers are?

Answer 4

1. collagen
2. reticular
3. elastic

Question 5

what are the functions of connective tissues?

Answer 5

1. provision of structural support.
2. role as medium for exchange
3. role in defense and protection
4. storage of fat

Question 6

what are the types of connective tissue cells?

Answer 6

migrant cells

resident cells

Question 7

examples of migrant cells?

Answer 7

plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and various types of WBC

Question 8

examples of resident cells?

Answer 8

fibroblast, myofibroblast, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

Question 9

what constitutes the most abudant type of connective tissue cells?

Answer 9

fibroblast

Question 10

what are the 2 types of fibroblast?

Answer 10

inactive

and active

Question 11

describe the inactive fibroblast and its nucelus

Answer 11

small ovoid shaped cells with condensed rod shaped nucleus

Question 12

the cytoplasm of fibrocytes is acidophilic or basophilic?

Answer 12

acidophilic

Question 13

describe the shape of active fibroblast and its nucleus?

Answer 13

spindle shaped cell with ovoid nucleus, radiating processes and prominent nucleolus

Question 14

the cytoplasm of active fibroblast is acidophlic or baso? and what does EM shows is present in the cell?

Answer 14

highly basophilic

and contains large amount of RER and ribosomes

Question 15

what is the function of fibroblast?

Answer 15

it secretes protein elastin and collagen

and also secretes components of ground substances

Question 16

list down organelles and other stuff myofibroblast contains?

Answer 16

RER and golgi apparatus
bundles of actin filaments
dense bodies like the smooth muscle cells

Question 17

function of myofibroblast?

Answer 17

wound healing (contraction)

Question 18

explain unilocular adipocyte ?

Answer 18

they have one large fat globule and aggregation constitutes of white adipose tissue

Question 19

expl multilocular adipocyte?

Answer 19

they have small many fat droplets and aggregation constitutes of brown adipose tissue.

Question 20

unilocular adipocyte gives appearance of?

Answer 20

signet-ring appearance.

Question 21

describe the appearance of an inactive macrophage?

Answer 21

they are fusiform or stellate in shape, the nucleus is prominent that fibroblast and has granules (lysosomes)

Question 22

describe the appearance of active macrophage?

Answer 22

spherical, oval in shape, kidney shaped prominent eccentric nucleus, it seems irregular and has numerous folds.

Question 23

what does ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS do?

Answer 23

they phagocytose antigen proteins and transfer them to the macrophages and presented in combination with MHC II

Question 24

describe what does cytokines do?

Answer 24

they belong to interleukin 1 fam

they initiate proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes so immune response is amplified

Question 25

the active macrophage releases what,which calls cancer cells are called?

Answer 25

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 26

what is MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL?

Answer 26

sometimes the foreign body is to large to be engulfed so the macrophage fuse to form a large multinucleated cell that engulfs the foreign cell

Question 27

what type of macrophages are made at the site of chronic infection?

Answer 27

epithelioid cell

Question 28

what cells are resistant to macrophages?

Answer 28

tuberculosis and syphilis

Question 29

an organized colection of epitheloid macrophages cells are called?

Answer 29

granuloma

Question 30

from where are the macrophages derived from

Answer 30

monocytes

Question 31

what comprises of mononuclear phagocytic system

Answer 31

macrophages, monocytes, kupffer cells of liver, langerhans cells of skin, microglia of neruons alveolar macrophages of lungs and osetoclasts of bones

Question 32

what is the characteristic feature of mast cell?

Answer 32

large secretory granule in the middle

Question 33

what special fixator is used on mast cells?

Answer 33

aniline (toluidine) blue

Question 34

what stain does mast cells pick up?

Answer 34

purple (metachromasia)

Question 35

why causes the metachromasia in mast cells?

Answer 35

heparin cause' it is highly sulfated proteoglycan

Question 36

what secrete the mediators of inflammation?

Answer 36

mast cells

Question 37

where primary mediators of inflammation are stored?

Answer 37

basophilic granules of mast cells

Question 38

what are Primary mediators of inflammation?

Answer 38

Heparin, histamine, 2 proteolytic enzymes (chymase and tryptase) 2 cytokines neutrophil chemotactic factor eosinophili chemotactic factor

Question 39

what are Secondary mediators of inflammation

Answer 39

leukotrienes D4 E4 and C4, tumor necrosis factor, porstaglandin D2 and interleukins

Question 40

functions of mast cells in development of allergic reactions is called>?

Answer 40

immediate hypersensitivity reaction

Question 41

cell membrane of mast cells contains receptors for?

Answer 41

antibody of the immunoglobin E

Question 42

the IgE antibodies are made when?

Answer 42

the plasma cells are exposed to an allergen which may be a protein antigen (pollen, bee sting etc)

Question 43

what happens with the IgE Is exposed to the allergen?

Answer 43

the IgE antibody binds to the receptor on the surface of the plasmalemma of the mast cellss

Question 44

what happens on subsequent exposure to same allergen?

Answer 44

antigen-antibody reaction takes place on the surface of tghe mast cells, that causes the discharge the PMI AND SMI

Question 45

what is local immediate hypersensitivty reaction?

Answer 45

skin rash, rhinitis or asthma

Question 46

what happens in systemic IHR

Answer 46

it is known as anaphylactic shock, happens when substantial amount of IgE Are poduced in hyperallergic people, like histamine which can cause anaphylactic shocks and death

Question 47

role of histamine?

Answer 47

vasodialation bronchospams increase secretion of mucous in respiratory tract

Question 48

from which type of lymphocytes are plasma cells made from?

Answer 48

B lymphocytes

Question 49

what happens when plasma cells engulf the antigen?

Answer 49

the represent the epitome to helper T cells

Question 50

what does helper t cells do?

Answer 50

release protein that make B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells

Question 51

where does plasma cell formation occurs?

Answer 51

in germinal centres of lymphoid follicles of lymphoid organs | e.g tonsils and lymph nodes

Question 52

ground substance of connective tissue composed of?

Answer 52

glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 53

all GAG are sulfated except?

Answer 53

hyaluronic acid

Question 54

the sulfated GAG are covalently bonded to small proteins to form

Answer 54

proteoglycans

Question 55

how many sulfated and non sulfated GAG present?

Answer 55

one non sulfated | and 5 sulfated

Question 56

name the 5 sulfated

Answer 56

chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin

Question 57

what does glycoprotein in the ground substance do?

Answer 57

act as adhesive and bind the components of connective tissues together

Question 58

major adhesive glycoproteins are?

Answer 58

fibronectin and laminin chondronectin osteonectin

Question 59

what cells make up the connective tissue fiber

Answer 59

fibroblast

Question 60

structure of collagen?

Answer 60

triple helical molecule, with 3 polypeptide chains winded around each other giving rope like appearance

Question 61

3 commonest types of amino acids in collagen?

Answer 61

proline, hydoxyproline and glycine

Question 62

collagen are made by what cells?

Answer 62

fibroblast, chondrocytes and osteoblast

Question 63

functions of collagen?

Answer 63

structural support, scaffolding, integrity and provides tensile strength cell adhesion and migration

Question 64

the 3 main groups of collagen are?

Answer 64

fibrillar collagen sheet forming collagen anchoring collagen

Question 65

length of fibrillar collagen

Answer 65

12 to 500nm

Question 66

fibrillar collagen has what type of collagens?

Answer 66

collagen type I II III V XI

Question 67

diameter of collagen type I is

Answer 67

20 to 90 nm

Question 68

collagen type I is found where?

Answer 68

the make up the collagen fibers that make up the connective tissue of the body

Question 69

collagen type II makes up the?

Answer 69

ECM of cartilage

Question 70

collagen type III makes up the ?

Answer 70

reticular fibers

Question 71

collagen type V make up the?

Answer 71

it is in association with type I and makes up the cornea, placenta skin and bone

Question 72

collagen type XI makes up the?

Answer 72

it is in association with type II

Question 73

which type makes up the sheet forming collagen?

Answer 73

type IV

Question 74

sheet forming collagen makes up the/ present in the?

Answer 74

Basement membrane of the epithelial tissue | external laminae of adipocytes, schwann cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cellls

Question 75

what does anchoring collangen do?

Answer 75

it anchors the fibrillar collagen together or anchors sheet forming collagen with each other

Question 76

types of anchoring collagen?

Answer 76

type VII IX XII XIV