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histology > connective tissue > Flashcards

connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are connective tissues?

A

they connect and support the other three types of tissues in the body

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2
Q

the ECM of connective tissue is composed of what two components?

A
  1. ground substance

2. fibers

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3
Q

the GS has?

A

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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4
Q

the three types of fibers are?

A
  1. collagen
  2. reticular
  3. elastic
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5
Q

what are the functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. provision of structural support.
  2. role as medium for exchange
  3. role in defense and protection
  4. storage of fat
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6
Q

what are the types of connective tissue cells?

A

migrant cells

resident cells

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7
Q

examples of migrant cells?

A

plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and various types of WBC

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8
Q

examples of resident cells?

A

fibroblast, myofibroblast, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

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9
Q

what constitutes the most abudant type of connective tissue cells?

A

fibroblast

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of fibroblast?

A

inactive

and active

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11
Q

describe the inactive fibroblast and its nucelus

A

small ovoid shaped cells with condensed rod shaped nucleus

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12
Q

the cytoplasm of fibrocytes is acidophilic or basophilic?

A

acidophilic

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13
Q

describe the shape of active fibroblast and its nucleus?

A

spindle shaped cell with ovoid nucleus, radiating processes and prominent nucleolus

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14
Q

the cytoplasm of active fibroblast is acidophlic or baso? and what does EM shows is present in the cell?

A

highly basophilic

and contains large amount of RER and ribosomes

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15
Q

what is the function of fibroblast?

A

it secretes protein elastin and collagen

and also secretes components of ground substances

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16
Q

list down organelles and other stuff myofibroblast contains?

A

RER and golgi apparatus
bundles of actin filaments
dense bodies like the smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

function of myofibroblast?

A

wound healing (contraction)

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18
Q

explain unilocular adipocyte ?

A

they have one large fat globule and aggregation constitutes of white adipose tissue

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19
Q

expl multilocular adipocyte?

A

they have small many fat droplets and aggregation constitutes of brown adipose tissue.

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20
Q

unilocular adipocyte gives appearance of?

A

signet-ring appearance.

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21
Q

describe the appearance of an inactive macrophage?

A

they are fusiform or stellate in shape, the nucleus is prominent that fibroblast and has granules (lysosomes)

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22
Q

describe the appearance of active macrophage?

A

spherical, oval in shape, kidney shaped prominent eccentric nucleus, it seems irregular and has numerous folds.

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23
Q

what does ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS do?

A

they phagocytose antigen proteins and transfer them to the macrophages and presented in combination with MHC II

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24
Q

describe what does cytokines do?

A

they belong to interleukin 1 fam

they initiate proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes so immune response is amplified

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25
Q

the active macrophage releases what,which calls cancer cells are called?

A

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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26
Q

what is MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL?

A

sometimes the foreign body is to large to be engulfed so the macrophage fuse to form a large multinucleated cell that engulfs the foreign cell

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27
Q

what type of macrophages are made at the site of chronic infection?

A

epithelioid cell

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28
Q

what cells are resistant to macrophages?

A

tuberculosis and syphilis

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29
Q

an organized colection of epitheloid macrophages cells are called?

A

granuloma

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30
Q

from where are the macrophages derived from

A

monocytes

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31
Q

what comprises of mononuclear phagocytic system

A

macrophages, monocytes, kupffer cells of liver, langerhans cells of skin, microglia of neruons alveolar macrophages of lungs and osetoclasts of bones

32
Q

what is the characteristic feature of mast cell?

A

large secretory granule in the middle

33
Q

what special fixator is used on mast cells?

A

aniline (toluidine) blue

34
Q

what stain does mast cells pick up?

A

purple (metachromasia)

35
Q

why causes the metachromasia in mast cells?

A

heparin cause’ it is highly sulfated proteoglycan

36
Q

what secrete the mediators of inflammation?

A

mast cells

37
Q

where primary mediators of inflammation are stored?

A

basophilic granules of mast cells

38
Q

what are Primary mediators of inflammation?

A

Heparin, histamine, 2 proteolytic enzymes (chymase and tryptase) 2 cytokines neutrophil chemotactic factor
eosinophili chemotactic factor

39
Q

what are Secondary mediators of inflammation

A

leukotrienes D4 E4 and C4, tumor necrosis factor, porstaglandin D2 and interleukins

40
Q

functions of mast cells in development of allergic reactions is called>?

A

immediate hypersensitivity reaction

41
Q

cell membrane of mast cells contains receptors for?

A

antibody of the immunoglobin E

42
Q

the IgE antibodies are made when?

A

the plasma cells are exposed to an allergen which may be a protein antigen (pollen, bee sting etc)

43
Q

what happens with the IgE Is exposed to the allergen?

A

the IgE antibody binds to the receptor on the surface of the plasmalemma of the mast cellss

44
Q

what happens on subsequent exposure to same allergen?

A

antigen-antibody reaction takes place on the surface of tghe mast cells, that causes the discharge the PMI AND SMI

45
Q

what is local immediate hypersensitivty reaction?

A

skin rash, rhinitis or asthma

46
Q

what happens in systemic IHR

A

it is known as anaphylactic shock, happens when substantial amount of IgE Are poduced in hyperallergic people, like histamine which can cause anaphylactic shocks and death

47
Q

role of histamine?

A

vasodialation
bronchospams
increase secretion of mucous in respiratory tract

48
Q

from which type of lymphocytes are plasma cells made from?

A

B lymphocytes

49
Q

what happens when plasma cells engulf the antigen?

A

the represent the epitome to helper T cells

50
Q

what does helper t cells do?

A

release protein that make B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells

51
Q

where does plasma cell formation occurs?

A

in germinal centres of lymphoid follicles of lymphoid organs

e.g tonsils and lymph nodes

52
Q

ground substance of connective tissue composed of?

A

glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

53
Q

all GAG are sulfated except?

A

hyaluronic acid

54
Q

the sulfated GAG are covalently bonded to small proteins to form

A

proteoglycans

55
Q

how many sulfated and non sulfated GAG present?

A

one non sulfated

and 5 sulfated

56
Q

name the 5 sulfated

A

chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin

57
Q

what does glycoprotein in the ground substance do?

A

act as adhesive and bind the components of connective tissues together

58
Q

major adhesive glycoproteins are?

A

fibronectin and laminin
chondronectin
osteonectin

59
Q

what cells make up the connective tissue fiber

A

fibroblast

60
Q

structure of collagen?

A

triple helical molecule, with 3 polypeptide chains winded around each other giving rope like appearance

61
Q

3 commonest types of amino acids in collagen?

A

proline, hydoxyproline and glycine

62
Q

collagen are made by what cells?

A

fibroblast, chondrocytes and osteoblast

63
Q

functions of collagen?

A

structural support, scaffolding, integrity and provides tensile strength cell adhesion and migration

64
Q

the 3 main groups of collagen are?

A

fibrillar collagen
sheet forming collagen
anchoring collagen

65
Q

length of fibrillar collagen

A

12 to 500nm

66
Q

fibrillar collagen has what type of collagens?

A

collagen type I II III V XI

67
Q

diameter of collagen type I is

A

20 to 90 nm

68
Q

collagen type I is found where?

A

the make up the collagen fibers that make up the connective tissue of the body

69
Q

collagen type II makes up the?

A

ECM of cartilage

70
Q

collagen type III makes up the ?

A

reticular fibers

71
Q

collagen type V make up the?

A

it is in association with type I and makes up the cornea, placenta skin and bone

72
Q

collagen type XI makes up the?

A

it is in association with type II

73
Q

which type makes up the sheet forming collagen?

A

type IV

74
Q

sheet forming collagen makes up the/ present in the?

A

Basement membrane of the epithelial tissue

external laminae of adipocytes, schwann cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cellls

75
Q

what does anchoring collangen do?

A

it anchors the fibrillar collagen together or anchors sheet forming collagen with each other

76
Q

types of anchoring collagen?

A

type VII IX XII XIV

histology (9 decks)

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