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Histology > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

function of CVS

A

circulates blood throughout the body

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2
Q

CVS system contains?

A

the pumping organ Heart, and the complex network of blood vessels

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3
Q

types of blood vessels are

A

arteries, capillaries and venous

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4
Q

what are capillaries and its function?

A

capillaries are thin endothelial tubes that connect the arteriole portion of the circulation to venous side. they are arranged in the form of capillary bed that allows the exchange of O2, CO2 and nutrients.

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5
Q

the structure of capillaries?

A

the have simple squamous called endothelium
basement membrane
and scattered contractile cells called pericytes.

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6
Q

what are pericytes ?

A

pericytes are also known as mural cells are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and postcapillary venule.

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7
Q

structure of pericytes?

A

elongated cells with cytoplasmic processes which partially surround the capillary wall.

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8
Q

location of pericytes?

A

they are present on the out surface of endothelial cells so they share a common basement membrane with them

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9
Q

function of pericytes

A

they have contractile ability, regulation of the blood flow through capillaries and postcapillary venules. they can also differentiate into, smooth muscle cells, endothelial and fibroblast

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10
Q

features of continuous capillaries

A

these capillaries have no intercellular gaps and are thus continuous without any discontinuities.
their basement membrane is continuous too.
and the lining endothelial cells have no fenestrations

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11
Q

junction present in continuous capillaries and how materials are transported ?

A

they have occluding junction and the materials are transported through transcytosis thats why u can see numerous vesicles in the endothelial cytoplasm

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12
Q

where are continous capillary found

A

skin, muscles, lungs, CNS

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13
Q

fenestrated capillaries are what

A

they are same as continuous capillary but have numerous pores on the lining endothelial cells
Which are spanned by a thun diaphragm made of proteoglycans

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14
Q

Structure of fenestrated capillary

A

they are have continuous basement membrane without any interruptions and it covers the pored on the outer surface

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15
Q

Junction present in fenestrated capillary

A

occluding junctions, no intercellular gap so the endothelial lining is continuous

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16
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries oresent

A

places like the intestinal villi, renal glomeruli and endocrine glands

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17
Q

What are discontinuous capillaries

A

they have endothelial lining with large gaps and these capillaries have large diameter. They also have pores with no diaphragm covering
Their basement membrane is also discontinuous, not present on the location of intercellular gaps

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18
Q

What is the other name of discontinuous capillary and what is its function

A

its name is sinusoidal capillaries and its main function is movement of cell in the blood into the tissue and vice versa and max exchange of macromolecules

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19
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries are found?

A

these are found in liver spleens bone marrow and other endocrine glands

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20
Q

three layers of arteries, capillaries veins etc

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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21
Q

tunica intima

A

its the inner most layer made up of a layer of single endothelial cells
below basal lamina there is a loose connective tissue present called subendothelial layer
outer most layer has a fenestrated membrane which has elastin called inter elastic lamina

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22
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer
made up of smooth muscles, arranged in concentric layers
variable amount of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and proteoglycans.
has external elastic lamina

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23
Q

tunica adventitia

A

outer most layer made up of collagenous and elastic fibers arranged longitudinal
has vasa vasorum
nervi vascularis - network of unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers supply the tunic media

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24
Q

what is the diameter of arterioles

A

0.3 mm

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25
Q

explain the 3 layers of arterioles

A

tunica intima - endothelium and thin layer of subendothelial layer containing small amount of elastic and reticular fibers
tunica media - small arterioles one of the two layers of muscle fibers are arranged as compared to 5 layers of smooth muscle fiber in large arterioles
tunica adventitia- its scanty and and a thin layer of collagenous and elastic fiber is present

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26
Q

arteriole function

A

is the distribution of blood to different capillaries by constriction and dilation. chief controller of systematic BP

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27
Q

medium sized arteries are also known as

A

muscular arteries or distributing arteries

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28
Q

why medium sized arteries are called muscular arteries

A

their tunic media is thick having at least 40 layers of concentrically arranged smooth muscles

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29
Q

names of muscular arteries

A

axillary, popliteal, femoral, brachial

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30
Q

function if muscular arteries

A

they distribute blood to most parts and organs of the body by dilation and constriction that’s why they are called distributing arteries

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31
Q

tunica intima of muscular arteries

A

it has all 3 layers, endothelial cells, subendothelial layer which has elastic and collagenous fibers and internal elastic lamina which is prominent makes fenestrated sheet of elastic and looks corrugated dye to post mortem contraction of smooth muscles making the elastic fiber to fold

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32
Q

tunica media of muscular arteries

A

tunica media is thick having atleast 40 layers of smooth muscles concentrically arranged.
between the smooth muscles it has elastic and reticular fibers. external elastic lamina is seen as an elastic fiber at the junction of media and adventitia

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33
Q

tunica adventitia of muscular fiber

A

it is thick made up of elastic and collagenous fibers arranged longitudinally, similar structure as media

34
Q

large arteries

A

they have abundant elastin in their walls, that’s why they are called elastic artery. they also conducts blood from the heart to all parts of the body through media arteries so called CONDUCTING ARTERIES

35
Q

tunica intima of elastic arteries

A

they are thick and the subendothelial layer contains collagenous and elastic fibers running longitunially. no internal elastic lamina prominently visible

36
Q

tunica media of elastic arteries

A

consist of elastin, smooth muscles, collagenous fibers and ground substance containing glycoprotein and proteoglycan
the elastin occurs as fenestrated lamella arranged concentrically, spaces between fenestrated lamina has smooth muscle bundles arranged circularly

37
Q

number of fenestrated lamina at 2 ages

A

40 at newborn
70 in adult aorta
increases with age

38
Q

tunica adventitia of elastic artery

A

it contains collagenous and elastic fibers arranged longitudinally, comparatively thin and has fibroblast n macrophages

39
Q

functions of elastic arteries

A

the abundant of elastin in its wall helps with the diastolic blood pressure, when the ventricles contract (systole) the elastic lamina expands and when they relax(diastole) they recoil maintain the BP
this allows them to maintain a constant supply of blood to arterioles and capillaries

40
Q

venules are classified into

A

post capillary venules and muscular venules

41
Q

post capillary venule diameter

A

15-20 micrometer

42
Q

post capillary venule strcuture

A

they have endothelial cells which has intercellular gaps in between. they have pericytes covering the endothelial covering so called PERICYTIC VENULE
the pericytes and the endothelium shares the basement membrane. the pericyte and endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions or gap junctions

43
Q

function of intercellular gaps in post capillary venules

A

the leukocytes and fluid emigrates from the blood into the tissue at the time of inflammation and allergic reactions

44
Q

function of pericytes on the endo cells of post capi venules

A

contribute to the synthesis of membrane

45
Q

other name for muscular vein and its characteristics

A

its also known as small veins
it has 2-3 layers of smooth muscles that represents tunica media and also a thin tunica adventitia is also prominent which has collagen fibers

46
Q

middle sized veins

A

diameter is 1-10 mm
tunica intima has endothelium and sub endothelium layer having elastic and collagenous fiber
tunica media has smooth muscle fiber and collagen fibers also have fibroblast and elastic fiber
tunica adventitia is composed of collagenous fibers and some elastic fibers (longitudinal running)

47
Q

large veins tunica intima

A

10 mm in diamter
tunica intima has endothelial and well developed subendothelial layer having collagen and elastic fiber, fibroblast and few smooth muscles
well defines internal elastic lamina

48
Q

large veins tunica media

A

is not well defined it has smooth muscle fiber and collagen fiber running concentrically with elastic fiber and fibroblast

49
Q

large veins tunica adventitia

A

well developed and thick has bundles of collagen fibers with elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers

50
Q

endocardium

A
  • continous with tunica intima of blood vessels
  • subendothelial layer has collagen fibers, elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers
  • subendocardial layer has veins, nerves and branches of impulse conducting system of heart
  • joins the endocardium with myocardium
51
Q

intercalated disk

A

the cardiac muscle cells are adjoining the adjacent cell by a darkly stained cross band called intercalated disk

52
Q

intercalated disk has 3 special junctions called

A

fascia adherents, gap junctions and desmosomes

53
Q

myocardium in atria and its directions

A

the myocardium in atria has 2 layers

  • superficial layer runs on both the atria and run oblique or in transverse direction
  • deep layer covers each atria separately and runs at right angels to the muscle fibers
54
Q

in ventricles the macular bundles take origin from?

A

dense fibrous connective rings ( annuli fibrosi) surrounding the atrio- ventricular valve

55
Q

direction of muscle cardiac muscle in ventrciles

A

2 layers
-superficial layer runs in spiral from the base till the apex
-deep layer runs in circular coarse in each apex
also they are S shaped when they pass from each ventricle to another thru ventricular septum

56
Q

epicardium

A

made of simple squamous epithelium
has sub pericardial layer adjoin the epi with mayo, has veins fat
connnective tissue rich in elastic fibers

57
Q

cardiac skeleton 3 main components

A
  1. annuli fibrosi
  2. septum membranaceum
  3. trigona fibrosa
58
Q

annuli fibrosi

A

dense connective tissue ring present one at the atrioventricular valve and one at the aorta and pulmonary trunk

59
Q

septum membranaceum

A

present at the upper part of interventricular septum

60
Q

trigona fibrosa

A

joins the annuli fibrosi with each other

61
Q

explain the joing of musculature of atria and ventricle

A

atria musculature is attached to the annuli fibrosi of surrounding the aortic and pulmonary valves
musculature of ventricles is attached to annuli fibrosi at the AV valve

62
Q

luminal plasmella of endothelial cells has>

A

glycocalyx coat consisting of meshwork of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

63
Q

anticoaglants present in endothelial cells

A

thrombodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor

64
Q

antithrombogenic present in endothelial cells

A

prostacyclin, tissue plasminogen activor, antithrombin III and heparin

65
Q

prothrombogenic agents

A

von Willebrand factor, plasminogen activator inhibator

66
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

endothelin and angiotensin converting enzyme

67
Q

vasodilators

A

nitric oxide and prostacyclin

68
Q

what is released by endothelium for immune response

A

cytokines interleukin family (I 8 AND 6)

CELL ADHESION molecules adherins and selectins

69
Q

collagen type released and proteins released by endothelial cells

A

collagen type IV and laminin

70
Q

functions of endothelium

A
  1. selectively permeability barrier
  2. maintenance of smooth anticoagulant and antithrombic surface
  3. state of injury they release prothrombogenic agents
  4. regulates blood flow and tissue perforation
  5. regulates immune response
  6. oxidation of lipoprotein
71
Q

lymph capillaries endothelium and basal lamina explain

A

single layer of endothelium with incomplete basal lamina .

72
Q

what junctions lymph capillaries make

A

no occluding junctions they just overlap ( the endothelium)

73
Q

transport of macromolecules are done by?

A

intercellular clefts which allows macromolecules to diffuse into the lumen from interstitial fluid

74
Q

thin filaments present in lymph cappilaries

A

anchoring filaments composed of elastin

75
Q

where the thin filaments in lymph capillaries present

A

between the basal lamina of the endothelium and surrounding tissue

76
Q

what does the anchoring filaments do

A

maintain the patency of the intercellular clefts

77
Q

back flow of lymph is prevented by

A

valvular mechanism

78
Q

tunica intima of lymph vessels contain?

A

endothelial cells layer and collagenous and elastic fibers beneath

79
Q

tunica media of lymph vessels contain?

A

circularly running smooth muscles and some elastic fibers b/w them

80
Q

tunica adventitia of lymph vessels

A

thickest
has elastic and collagenous fibers running longitudnally
some smooth muscle fibers

Histology (9 decks)

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