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Histology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

bone tissues are called?

A

osseous tissues

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2
Q

list down function of bone tissue

A

protection
support
storage of calcium, phosphate and some other ions
homeostatic regulation of blood calcium level

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3
Q

how many % is organic part of bones

A

50%

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4
Q

what does organic part of bone comprises of?

A

collagen and non collagenous proteins

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5
Q

what type of collagen?

A

type I AND type V

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6
Q

how many percent of organic is collagenous proteins?

A

90%

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7
Q

non collagenous protein comprises of?

A

proteoglycans
adhesive glycoproteins
osetocalcin

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8
Q

non-collagenous protein function in bone?

A

proper growth and repair

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9
Q

function of collagenous?

A

provide strength, resistance to tensile stress

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10
Q

what are proteoglycans in bone

A

chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid

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11
Q

what are glycoproteins in bone?

A

osteopontin, osetonectin and sialoproteins I AND II

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12
Q

FUNCTION of glycoprotein?

A

addhesion of collagen fibers and bone cells to minerallized bone matrix

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13
Q

percentage of in organic matter in bone?

A

50%

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14
Q

what is the in inorganic matter

A

mainly hydroxyapatite, calcium, phosphate bicarbonate, magnesium and citrate ions.

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15
Q

the hydroxy crystals are in association with what type of collagen?

A

type I

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16
Q

4 cells of bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocytes

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17
Q

where osteoprogenitor cells are found?

A

inner layer of periosteum, and endosteum. lines the haversian canal and volkmann’s canal

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18
Q

what is the stain of osteopro

A

basophilic

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19
Q

osteopro differentiate to make up?

A

osteoblast

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20
Q

osteopro are derived from

A

embryonic mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

osteocytes are?

A

non dividing bone forming cells

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22
Q

osteocytes secrete what component of the bone ? organic or inorganic

A

organic component

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23
Q

the unminerallized bone matrix secreted by osteblast are called?

A

osteoid

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24
Q

what is the staining of osteoblast?

A

basophilic

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25
Q

shape of active osteoblast?

A

cuboidal or columnar

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26
Q

what is the main type of protein secreted by osteoblast?

A

collagen type I

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27
Q

how are osteocytes formed from osteoblast?

A

when the osteoblast are completely surrounded by the secreted bone matrix they transform into osteocytes

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28
Q

cytoplasmic process on osteoblast do what and release what?

A

they connect the osteoblast with the osteoid and it releases the enzyme alkaline phosphate

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29
Q

function of alkaline phosphate on bone?

A

cleaves phosphate ions from other molecules n increases the concentration of phosphate inside

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30
Q

what other cells take part in the formation of calclium phosphate crystals

A

osteocalcin (increase the level of calcium)

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31
Q

inactive osteoblast in adults are found in?

A

periosteum and endosteum

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32
Q

what receptor is present in osteoblast? n what does it do?

A

receptor for parathyroid stimulating hormone. it releases osteoclast stimulating factor

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33
Q

mature osteoblast are called?

A

osteocytes

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34
Q

osteocytes are present in the place at their specific place called?

A

lacuna

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35
Q

how osteocytes communicate with neighboring osteocytes

A

narrow tubular channels called canaliculi

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36
Q

dentrites join what to what in osteocytes

A

join the canaliculi to a similar process in the neighboring cells

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37
Q

the space b/w plasma membrane and walls of lacunae and canaliculi are called?

A

periosteocytic space

38
Q

function of osteocytes

A

maintenance of bone matrix and blood calcium level

39
Q

how osteocytes maintain blood calciumLEVEL

A

osteocytes release enzyme called as metalloproteinases that degrade the bone matrix releasing the calcium ions into the periosteocytic space.

40
Q

FUNCTION of osetoclast

A

resorption, remodeling and renewal

41
Q

where are osteoclast found on surface undergoing resorption

A

on resorption bays

42
Q

how does osteoclast stain

A

acidophilic

43
Q

osteoclast shape and organelles and structures it contains?

A

very large, multinucleated, lysosomes, golgi complex and many mitochondria

44
Q

the periphery of osteoclast contains finger like projections called?

A

ruffle border

45
Q

function of ruffle border

A

it makes contact of the bone surface to the resorption bay

46
Q

difference b/w microvilli and ruffle border?

A

ruffle border undergo change of shape and structure because it contracts and retracts

47
Q

what is the clear zone

A

the periphery of ruffle border has a ring like structure of cytoplasm that is devoid of all organelles.

48
Q

what is clear zone rich in

A

actin filaments

49
Q

what does actin filaments do

A

they anchor the cell membrane of sealing zone to the howships lacuna and makes up the subsetoclastic compartment

50
Q

what does osteoclast secrete into substeoclastic comparment?

A

hydrogen ions, hydrolytic enzymes, collagenase

51
Q

what does hydrogen ions do in bone?

A

make the microenviroment acidic and helps in dissolving bone mineral

52
Q

what does non lysosomal and lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes do? are their eg

A

collagenase and gelatinase and they degrade and dissolve the collagen of the decalcified bone

53
Q

outer covering of bone

A

periosteum

54
Q

endosteum covers what part of the bone

A

inner part of the bone like the medullary cavity or spongy parts of the bone

55
Q

spongy bone definition

A

bone substance is in the form of slender spicules or trabeculae with interconnecting cavities

56
Q

primary bone called

A

immature bone or woven bone

57
Q

primary bone has abundant what type of bone cells

A

osteocytes

58
Q

where are primary bones found?

A

embryonic develpment, fetal or bone repair

59
Q

where pri bone is not replaced by sec bone

A

alveolar sockets of teeth and where tendons are inserted into bone

60
Q

secondary bone is called

A

mature bone or lamellar bone

61
Q

sec bone composed of

A

thin layers on bone matrix lamella

62
Q

haversian system or osteon

A

the bulk of the compact bone is composed cylindrical subunits called haversian system

63
Q

haversian canal

A

lamella are arranged concentrically around a canal called as haversian canal

64
Q

haversian lamellae

A

the lamellae constitutes the osteon are called haversian lamellae

65
Q

cement line

A

the boundary of the osteons which are mineralized and contains collagen fiber, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

66
Q

look of haversian canal cross sectional

A

round openings surrounded by concentric haversian lamella

67
Q

Haversian canal longitudinal view

A

slits bordered by column of lamellae

68
Q

perforating canals or volkmann’s canal

A

the haversian canal is connected to the marrow, periosteum and to each other by an oblique canal

69
Q

volkmann canal contains

A

bloood capillaries

70
Q

interstitial lamella

A

lamellae present at irregular intervals between osteons

71
Q

outercircumfrential lamellae

A

lamellae present on the outer surface of the bone

72
Q

inner circumferential lamellae

A

lamellae beneath the endosteum lining the medullary cavity

73
Q

process of bone formation

A

osetogenesis or osification

74
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous and endochondral

75
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells becomes condensed becomes sheet or membranes
membrane become vascularized by ingrowth of capillaries. osteoblast are formed in the vascularized area. osteoblast secrete osteoid
osteoid is deposited in the forms of spicules and trabeculae and have osteoblast on the surface
osteon minerals with calcium phosphate
osteoblast become osteocytes

76
Q

primary bone and then secondary bone in intramembranous

A

at the first many bony spicules are formed and arranged as trabeculae and it is spongy in nature, the trabeculae has undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that make up the marrow
the spongy bone is replaced by compact bone and makes up secondary bone

77
Q

endochondral ossification steps

A
  1. formation of miniature cartilage model
  2. continued growth of miniature model which act as scaffold for bone growth
  3. replacement and resorption of cartilage and replaced by bone
78
Q

primary centre appears when in intrauterine life

A

3 month of intrauterine life

79
Q

seconary centre appears

A

after birth

80
Q

growth of bones in length is done by ?

A

epiphyseal growth plate

81
Q

five successive zones of apiphyseal cartilage

A 
resting zone
proliferation zone
zone of cartilage hypertrophy 
zone of cartilage calcification 
zone of ossification
82
Q

resting zone

A

zone of reserve cartilage
no active matrix secretion
no cellular proliferation

83
Q

zone of proliferation

A

cartilage cells proliferate
divide mitotically
secretion of cartilage matrix actively

84
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

the cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy and increase in size with their lacunae

85
Q

zone of calcification

A

the hypertropvhied chondrocytes die

and the matrix is calcified by hydroxyapatite

86
Q

zone of ossification

A

osteoprogenitor cells and blood capillaries enter as the diaphyseal side and differentiate into osteoblast on the surface of calcified matrix . osteoblast deposit bone and the cartilage in the core of spicules disappear

87
Q

growth in diameter

A

the osteprogenetor cells in the periosteum continously divide and differentiate into osteoblast that deposit a new layer of bone matrix

88
Q

bone repair after injuriy

A

the area of blood clotting gets invaded by blood capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells.
granulation tissue is formed
fibroblast produced collagen fibers
periosteal cells make chondroblast that makes up the fibrocartilage callus (hyaline cartilage)
osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblast and deposit bone in peripheral part and makes the bony callus
first trabeculae of primary bone join the spongy bone fragments
primary spongy bone is later changed into secondary compact bone

89
Q

types of cell in synovial membrane

A

type A and type B

90
Q

type A cells

A

macrophage like synovial cells

91
Q

Type B cells

A

fibroblastic synovial cells

92
Q

synovium contains

A

nonsulfated glycosaminaglycans hyaluronan

Histology (9 decks)

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