Conditions 2 Flashcards
The fourth leading cause of death in the US, with 12.1 million diagnosed cases in 2008.
COPD
COMMON CONDITIONS for Cardiovascular Diseases
Ischemic Conditions
Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction
What occurs when there is insufficient blood flow, leading to inadequate oxygenation of tissues due to a blocked blood vessel.
Ischemia
What is the condition, which can affect all vessels of the body, is the cause of ischemia in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is commonly known as coronary heart disease.
Arteriosclerosis
the condition where chest pain occurs due to ischemia of the heart muscle.
Angina
When does cardiac failure occur?
Heart failure occurs when a disease process or congenital defect causes a decrease in the pumping capability of the heart muscle.
T or F
Serious damage to the right ventricle from an infarct can result in inadequate contraction, leading to blood backup into the lungs or limited function in response to physical activity.
FALSE
Serious damage to the left ventricle from an infarct can result in inadequate contraction,
leading to blood backup into the lungs or limited function in response to physical activity.
When the heart muscle is compromised to the point that it cannot effectively move blood volume, what develops?
congestive heart failure (CHF) develops.
Common Conditions for the Pulmonary
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Restrictive Lung Disease
A group of disorders that have specific
physical symptoms.
COPD
are bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis are what diseases?
COPD
occurs when the lungs cannot adequately supply oxygen to or retrieve carbon dioxide from the red blood cells.
Hypoxemia
cause a decrease in the ability of the lungs to expand
Restrictive lung diseases
This leads to a decrease in the volume of air that can move into and out of the lungs.
Restrictive lung diseases
Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Invasive Procedures
Cardiac catheterization
Noninvasive Procedures Cardio
echocardiography,
electrocardiography,
exercise testing.
uses high-frequency ultrasound to assess the size, thickness, and motion of the heart chambers and valves.
Echocardiography
an alternative method that provides a better view of
the heart by placing the transducer in the esophagus.
Transesophageal echocardiography
common and inexpensive method to evaluate heart
function. It records the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrocardiography (ECG)
T or F
ECG allows assessment of heart rate and rhythm and can detect abnormal rhythms.
TRUE
a common noninvasive method used to assess the lungs, chest wall, and heart.
Chest imaging
T or F
Radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are different techniques used for chest imaging.
TRUE
uses ionizing radiation to generate a chest image, with dense tissues appearing white and air spaces appearing black.
Radiography
involves taking pictures of small slices of the chest and lungs using x-rays and then using a computer to create a single image.
CT
uses CT to image the pulmonary arteries after injecting a radiocontrast agent.
CTPA
uses magnetic waves instead of x-rays to create chest images.
MRI
involves inhaling radioactive isotopes and injecting them into the bloodstream
to locate and assess ventilation and perfusion in the lungs.
V /Q scan
a medical procedure that uses a flexible fiberoptic tube.
- The tube is inserted into the bronchial tree to visualize the structures.
Bronchoscopy
involves assessing arterial blood to determine the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Blood Gas Analysis
assess the effectiveness of the respiratory musculature and the integrity of the airways and lung tissue.
- The tests can help classify lung disease patterns as obstructive or restrictive.
Pulmonary Function Tests
What should PTs do when working in pedia case?
Use play
Work with family
What will be PTs observe during pediatric cases?
PTs observe developmental milestones.
Look for discrepancies between child’s chronologic and developmental age or whether inefficient motor patterns are limiting the child’s function.
Impairments in social interactions, communication skills, unusual activities and interests (repetitive behaviors, poor play skills)
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs)
T or F
Children are unique, NOT miniature versions of adults.
TRUE
What is the medium used for observation and intervention in pediatric conditions.
Play is the medium used for observation and intervention.
Developed by World Health Organization (WHO)
Incorporates concepts of enablement and disablement processes
Considers impact of health disorder or disease on impairments (in body structure and function), activity limitations, and participation restrictions
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)
Group of disorders caused by nonprogressive lesion of the brain
Most often during gestation, at birth, or immediately after birth
Common symptoms include lack of control of nerve and muscle activity
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Common Conditions for Pediatric cases?
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs)
Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)
Clubfoot
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Scoliosis
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
Neural tube defects
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Cerebral palsy (CP)
when is autism usually diagnosed
3 y/o
From in utero positioning
If accompanied by craniofacial deformities, then described as plagiocephaly
Shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle, which results in head turned to opposite side and tilted down
Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)
Foot turned up and in
Clubfoot
Autoimmune disorder
Cause unknown
Joint pain, swelling, decreased motion, stiffness, muscle atrophy
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Lateral curvature of the spine
Cause may be idiopathic (unknown), neuromuscular, or congenital
Detected early because of school exams
Scoliosis
Abnormal development of structures surrounding the hip joint
Children with spina bifida or certain forms of CP are more prone to this condition
Requires manual or surgical relocation of head of femur into socket
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Females carry, but males display symptoms
Symptoms usually begin at age 3 to 5 years with progressive muscle weakness
Calf muscles appear enlarged
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Affects collagen development resulting in poor bone development and frequent fractures
Fetal form associated with high mortality rates; infantile form associated with frequent fractures
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
Complications include muscle contractures, scoliosis, and wheelchair dependence
Life span decreased from pneumonia, muscle weakness, and cardiac myopathies
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Severe muscle weakness in infancy and progressive respiratory failure
Spinal muscular atrophy
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Now can prenatally diagnose with ultrasonography
Low muscle tone, flat facial profile, upward-slanted eyes, short stature, slowed growth and development, varying levels of intellectual ability
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Dysfunction of gross and fine motor coordination, awkward running, frequent falling, slow reaction times, immature balance reactions, poor handwriting, difficulty with ADLs
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
failure of closure at base of brain; death results
Anencephaly
Group of disorders caused by nonprogressive lesion of the brain
Most often during gestation, at birth, or immediately after birth
Common symptoms include lack of control of nerve and muscle activity
Approximately half of individuals with CP have intellectual disabilities
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Believed from significant alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Recent studies suggest genetic predisposition
Intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, distinct facial features
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Believed to cause motor problems, but recent studies do not support this
Prenatal cocaine exposure
Psychosocial changes
May face discrimination
Adjustment to retirement
Depression from functional deterioration and social isolation
Roles for PTs and PTAs with older adults
Besides clinical practitioners, PTs and PTAs also serve as
Educators (family members and caregivers)
Experts in prevention
Consultants
Administrator (manager of clinical services)
Researcher
Most common inherited chronic disorder in white children
Disorder of exocrine glands and involves lungs, pancreas, reproductive organs, and sweat glands.
Production of thick mucus with progressive lung damage
Improved treatment has increased length and quality of life
Cystic fibrosis
Age-related changes in geriatric conditions
Musculoskeletal deficiencies
Decreased flexibility
Weight-bearing joints deteriorate
Central nervous system (CNS)
Sensory
Cardiovascular system
Balance loss
Cognitive function
Psychosocial changes
Autoimmune disease
Inflammation of joints
Warm, stiff
Rheumatoid arthritis
Commonly in weight-bearing joints but also hands and big toes
Osteoarthritis
Not part of normal aging process
Decreased mineralization of bones
More common in women
Primary role of PT is prevention of injury.
Osteoporosis
Persons older than age 65 years sustain 86% of hip fractures in the United States.
Significantly diminishes ability to perform ADLs and IADLs
PT essential after surgery; focuses on early mobility, transfer training, gait training, weight-bearing precautions, use of assistive devices
Hip fracture
Affects 25% of persons older than 65 years of age
Insufficient insulin action (production or absorption) results in excessive glucose in blood
Complications include renal failure, peripheral neuropathies, poor circulation that causes skin ulceration, coronary artery disease, and retinopathies
Diabetes
