Conditions 1 Flashcards
musculoskeletal, Neuromuscular, Integumentary
Ability of the joint surfaces to glide, roll, and spin on one another.
accessory motion
Joint movement in which the patient may be assisted either manually or mechanically through an arc of movement.
active assisted range of motion:
Ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement.
active range of motion (AROM):
Joint movement in which an external force resists the movement.
active resisted exercise:
Poverty of movements
Akinesia
Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease; rapidly progressive neurologic disorder associated with a degeneration of the motor nerve cells.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS):
Technique in which radiopaque material is injected into the blood vessels to better visualize and identify problems such as occlusion (blockage) of blood vessels, aneurysms, and vascular malformations.
Angiography:
Therapeutic use of water for rehabilitation or prevention of injury.
aquatic physical therapy:
Slowness of movements.
Bradykinesia
Neurologic technique based on the natural sequence of recovery after stroke.
Brunnstrom approach:
Inflammation of bursae, fluid-filled sacs located throughout the body that decrease the friction between two structures.
Bursitis:
Exercise incorporating several muscle groups through the use of several joints with the end segment fixed.
closed kinetic chain exercise
Computer synthesis of x-rays transmitted through a specific plane of the body.
computed (axial) tomography (CAT or CT)
Application of cold agents to cause decreases in blood flow and metabolism, which result in a decrease in swelling and pain.
Cryotherapy:
Any functional disability.
Dysfunction:
Application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, to increase strength and range of motion, and to facilitate wound healing.
electrical stimulation:
Technique for recording the electrical potential or activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp.
electroencephalography (EEG):
Technique for recording the electrical activity in the muscle during a state of rest and during voluntary contraction.
electromyography (EMG
Impaired ability to express oneself.
expressive aphasia:
Ability to move a limb segment through a range of motion.
Flexibility
Exercise performed over time, using stress, to change the length and elasticity of soft tissue such as muscle; usually performed for postural or ROM enhancement.
flexibility exercise
Use of a self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part.
Fluidotherapy
Break in a bone.
Fracture
Exercise that mimics functional movements and activities. Functional movements incorporate strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination.
functional exercise
Instrument used to measure and document ROM.
Goniometer:
Methods to measure and document ROM.
Goniometry
Description of the past and current health status of the patient/client.
History
Pouch filled with silica gel and soaked in thermostatically controlled water.
hot pack
Use of the therapeutic effects of water by immersing the body part or entire body into a tank of water.
Hydrotherapy
Joint with excessive motion.
hypermobile joint
High muscle tone.
Hypertonia
Joint with less motion than is considered functional.
hypomobile joint:
Low muscle tone.
Hypotonia
Technique used when a patient’s dysfunction is the result of joint stiffness or hypomobility (loss of motion); applies to joint-specific passive movements, either oscillatory (rapid, repeated movements) or sustained
joint mobilization
Injection of a hypodermic needle into the lumbar subarachnoid space.
lumbar puncture (LP):
Creation of a computer image by placing the body part in a magnetic field.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Test allowing the therapist to assign a specific grade to a muscle, based on whether the patient can hold the limb against gravity, how much manual resistance can be tolerated, and whether there is full range of motion at a joint.
manual muscle testing (MMT):
Systematic use of various manual strokes designed to produce certain physiologic, mechanical, and psychological effects.
Massage
Ability to manipulate movement and nonmovement of the body’s musculoskeletal components.
motor control
Age-related processes of change in motor behavior.
motor development
Body’s mechanism for acquiring or learning voluntary motor control.
motor learning
Disease in which patches of demyelination occur in the nervous system, leading to disturbances in conduction of action potentials along the nerves.
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Ability to produce and sustain tension over a prolonged period of time.
muscle endurance
Amount of work produced by a muscle in a given period of time.
muscular power
Maximal amount of tension an individual can produce in one repetition.
muscular strength
Manual stretching of the layers of the body’s fascia (connective tissue that surrounds muscle and other soft tissues in the body).
myofascial release:
Study that records the rate at which electrical signals are transmitted along peripheral nerves.
nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
Pressure on a nerve.
nerve entrapment:
Approach to both analyze and treat neurologic disorders of posture and movement. Through the use of a motivating environment and a patient’s active participation, manual facilitation and inhibition techniques are employed by the therapist to present the patient with a “normal” sensory experience, thereby encouraging facilitation of a more functional motor response.
neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT)
Tank of water used in hydrotherapy for immersing a body part or the entire body.
Whirlpool:
Sensation of spinning or whirling that occurs as a result of a disturbance in balance.
Vertigo
Therapeutic application of high-frequency sound waves that penetrate through tissue and cause an increase in the tissue temperature to promote healing and reduce pain.
Ultrasound
Alternating contractions of opposing muscle groups.
Tremor
Tension exerted and/or maintained by muscles at rest and during movement.
traumatic brain injury (TBI): Damage to the brain caused by physical means and resulting in neurologic dysfunction.
Tone
Agent used to modify the temperature of surrounding tissue, resulting in a change in the amount of blood flow to the injured area.
thermal agent:
Spinal cord damage resulting in loss of sensory or motor function affecting all limbs. Synonym for quadriplegia.
Tetraplegia
Degeneration of a tendon from overuse.
Tendinosis
Disorder of a tendon.
Tendinopathies
Inflammation of a tendon, a structure that is located at the ends of muscles and attaches muscle to bone.
Tendinitis
Intervention technique used for neuromuscular conditions that focuses on the specific intended task and retraining using functional activities to accomplish that task.
task-oriented approach
Interview of the patient about the extent and nature of an injury; a qualitative measurement based on the patient’s perception of the problem.
subjective examination
Neurologic problem arising from disruption of blood flow in the brain.
stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Amount of force produced during a voluntary muscular contraction.
Strength:
Tearing of muscle fibers caused by a sudden contraction of a muscle or excessive stretch to the muscle.
Strain:
Overstretching of a joint ligament accompanied by a tearing of the fibers, causing pain and instability of the joint.
Sprain
Damage to the spinal cord that results in neurologic dysfunction.
spinal cord injury (SCI):
Tests designed for examination of specific joints to indicate the presence or absence of a particular problem.
special tests
Variety of “hands-on” techniques, including massage and myofascial release, designed to improve movement and decrease pain or swelling.
soft tissue mobilization
Use of electromagnetic energy to produce deep therapeutic heating effects.
short-wave diathermy:
Ability to receive sensory input from within and outside the body and transmit it through the peripheral nerves and tracts in the spinal cord to the brain, where it is received and interpreted.
Sensation
Disturbance of muscle tone; manifests as a resistance when the limbs are passively moved.
Rigidity
Test that allows the therapist to determine the general strength of a muscle group and assess whether any pain is produced with the muscle contraction.
resisted test:
Form of active movement in which some form of resistance is provided to increase muscular strength and endurance.
resistance exercise
Diminished ability to receive and interpret verbal or written communication.
receptive aphasia
Exercise for mobility of a joint. Falls into two categories: active or passive. Active ROM exercise involves voluntary movement of a limb through an arc of movement; passive ROM exercise involves the therapist’s moving the limb without patient assistance.
range-of-motion exercise
Movement at a joint.
range of motion (ROM)
Technique used to enhance movement and motor control, emphasizing proprioceptive (joint and position sense) stimuli but also using tactile, visual, and auditory stimuli.
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF):
Ability to integrate various simultaneous sensory inputs and to respond appropriately.
Perception
Amount of movement at a joint that is obtained by the therapist’s moving the segment without assistance from the patient.
passive range of motion (PROM):
Progressive condition caused by a lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine, also referred to as paralysis agitans and idiopathic parkinsonism, characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia and akinesia.
Parkinson’s disease
: Spinal cord damage and resultant loss of sensory or motor function affecting the lower trunk and legs.
Paraplegia:
Use of a mixture of melted paraffin wax and mineral oil maintained at a specific temperature to promote relaxation and pain relief and allow greater comfort during range-of-motion exercises.
paraffin treatment
Standardized instrument used to measure an individual’s actual or perceived limitations and participation restrictions, and/or quality of life or health status.
outcome measure
Exercise in which the end limb segment is free. osteoarthritis Condition characterized by degeneration of cartilage as a result of many years of use. Hands, spine, knees, and hips are most commonly affected.
open kinetic chain exercise
Quantitative or qualitative measurements that are taken by the physical therapist or physical therapist assistant or by use of a mechanical device.
objective examination
The ability of neurons in the brain to compensate for injury or disease.
Neuroplasticity
Which is incorrect?
a. The integument is the largest organ of the body and consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
b. The integument serves as a protective organ, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.
Both are correct
T or F
The main cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes, which take about 20 days to differentiate and are eventually shed from the surface.
FALSE
The main cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes, which take about 28 days to differentiate and are eventually shed from the surface.
What cell if for immune response?
what cell s for sensory?
Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response,
Merkel cells are sensory receptor
Cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes,
Langerhans cells,
Merkel cells,
Melanocytes.
phases of wound healing (3)
Inflammatory Phase
Proliferative Phase
Maturation Phase
COMMON CONDITIONS of the integumentary system
Vascular Compromise
Trauma
Disease
Disease-related conditions of integumentary
Acne and skin cancer
Damage to the skin caused by excessive heat.
Burn injury:
Integumentary wounds caused by scraping away skin through contact with a rough object or surface.
Abrasions:
Cuts or tears of the integument (skin) caused by sharp objects or surfaces.
Lacerations:
Injuries where the skin and subcutaneous tissue are separated from the
underlying tissue.
Avulsion injuries:
An avulsion injury specifically occurring to a hand or foot.
Degloving injury:
Holes in the skin created by a pointed, sharp object.
Puncture wounds:
Damage to the skin caused by restricted blood flow.
Ischemic skin damage:
Swelling caused by excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues.
Edema:
These wounds are caused by a loss of blood flow to a specific area, leading to tissue death.
Vascular Compromise
