concepts of GI dz and approach to GI dz

Question 1

stomach functions

Answer 1

• fill (receptive relaxation + accomodation)
• mix
• empty

Question 2

how much can the stomach hold ?

Answer 2

80ml/kg

Question 3

what can go wrong with gastric filling

Answer 3

failure to relax

• inflammation
• neoplasm

Question 4

what are the 3 things that stimulate H-K AtPase pump in the stomach ?

Answer 4

• Ach from vagus (most imp. when it comes to dz)
• Gastrin from G cells
• Histamine from ECL cells

Question 5

what happens when H ions penetrate the deeper layers of the stomach ?

Answer 5

activate mast cells -> Histamine release causing edema -> leads to erosion and ulcers

Question 6

is gastric barrier dysfunction more common in the dog or cat?

Answer 6

dog

Question 7

parts of the stomach and their roles

Answer 7

• fundus and body store
• antrum grings and empties
• pylorus keeps particles >2mm in

Question 8

what is the normal stomach emptying for a dog

Answer 8

12-14hrs

Question 9

what are the 3 places that stimulate the emetic center

Answer 9

• cerebral cortex
• chemoreceptor trigger zone
• oculovestibular system (direct for the cat, stimulated chemoreceptor zone in the dog)

Question 10

true/ false

most diarrhea is mixed

Answer 10

true

Question 11

what are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhea

Answer 11

• osmotic
• exudative
• secretory
• disordered motility

Question 12

14 signs of gastrointestinal dz

Answer 12

vomiting, regurgitation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, dyschezia, hematochezia, constipation, flatus, salivation, shock, weight loss, anemia, change in appetite

Question 13

is acute vomiting self limiting ? what about chronic ?

Answer 13

• acute: mostly self limiting, usually single insult to stomach, proximal GI, pancreas
• chronic: rarely self limiting, needs dz and tx

Question 14

what are some “confirmatory” lab studies we can do

Answer 14

• fecal apha proteinase inhibitor
• serum folate and cobalamin
• serum trypsin- like immunoreactivity (TLI)
• canine and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI, fPLI)

Question 15

true/ false

radiographs are often normal with chronic GI dz

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what are the 5 mechanisms of weight loss

Answer 16

• decreased nutrient intake
• maldigestion/ malabsorption
• malassimilation
• excessive utilization
• increased loss of nutrients

Question 17

increased urgency and frequency to defecate, tenesmus, and dyzchesia are all signs of?

Answer 17

Large bowel disease

Question 18

weight loss, vomiting, flatulence and halitosis can all occur with?

Answer 18

small bowel disease