CONCEPT REVIEW (REPRODUCTION)

Question 1

Gonads produce __________ and sex hormones, ducts store and transport gametes, and accessory sex glands produce materials that protect and help move gametes.

Answer 1

gametes

Question 2

Supporting structures assist the delivery of gametes, and the _______________ is the site of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy

Answer 2

uterus

Question 3

Pregnancy begins with __________ and is a time when the fertilized ovum undergoes __________, embryonic and fetal development, and birth.

Answer 3

fertilization

implantation

Question 4

Spermatogonia begin producing sperm at _______. Some spermatogonia develop into diploid primary spermatocytes that sequence through spermatogenesis (meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis) to form haploid sperm cells.

Answer 4

puberty

Question 5

Mature sperm have a pointed head, a caplike acrosome filled with enzymes for penetrating the __________, and a tail with a middle piece containing mitochondria that provide energy for movement toward the secondary oocyte.

Answer 5

secondary oocyte

Question 6

Fluid from Sertoli cells pushes sperm through the testis in the ___________, through the rete testis, then through the ____________ in the efferent ducts

Answer 6

straight tubules

epididymis

Question 7

The epididymis lies along the posterior border of each testis and contains the tightly coiled _____________, the site of sperm maturation and storage. The ductus epididymis propels sperm into the _____________.

Answer 7

ductus epididymis

ductus deferens

Question 8

What does the the ductus deferent do?

Answer 8

The ductus deferens stores sperm and propels them to the urethra for ejaculation.

Question 9

The prostate lies inferior to the _____________and surrounds the prostatic urethra. Its
secretion constitutes about ________ of the volume of semen and contributes to sperm motility and
viability.

Answer 9

urinary bladder

25%

Question 10

Paired __________________lie inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous
urethra. They secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acids from
urine in the urethra.

Answer 10

bulbourethral glands

Question 11

The ovarian cortex contains ovarian _______with oocytes in different stages of development. A mature follicle is ready to expel its secondary oocyte during ___________. A corpus luteum, the remains of a follicle after ovulation, degenerates into the corpus albicans.

Answer 11

follicles

ovulation

Question 12

A corpus luteum, the remains of a follicle after ovulation, degenerates into the __________________.

Answer 12

corpus albicans

Question 13

The formation of female gametes, begins in the ovaries. It is called

Answer 13

Oogenesis

Question 14

The oogenesis sequence includes meiosis I and ________________, which stops in metaphase. The secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation and is usually swept into the __________

Answer 14

meiosis II

uterine tube

Question 15

If a sperm cell penetrates the ___________, meiosis II resumes, and a haploid ovum is produced. The sperm and ovum nuclei unite during fertilization to become a _____________

Answer 15

oocyte

diploid zygote.

Question 16

Where is the normal site of fertilisation?

Answer 16

The uterine tubes extend laterally from the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization

Question 17

Their distal end is an open, ________________ with fingerlike fimbriae that sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube. Ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions help move a secondary oocyte or zygote toward the uterus.

Answer 17

funnel­shaped infundibulum

Question 18

The female reproductive cycle ranges from ___________ days and has four phases: the menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, _________, and postovulatory phase.

Answer 18

24 to 35

ovulation

Question 19

menstrual phase: (1) In the ovaries, primordial follicles develop into primary, then secondary follicles; (2) in the uterus, the _________________ of the endometrium is shed through menstrual flow.

Answer 19

stratum functionalis

Question 20

The preovulatory phase occurs between ____________- and ovulation.

Answer 20

menstruation

Question 21

In the ovaries, one follicle becomes dominant while the others ___________________.

Answer 21

degenerate

Question 22

The dominant follicle becomes the mature follicle and secretes _______________, which decreases FSH secretion and stops the other follicles from growing.

Answer 22

estrogens and inhibin

Question 23

In the uterus, __________________stimulate growth of a new stratum f u n c t io n a lis .

Answer 23

estrogens

Question 24

Ovulation, the rupture of the mature follicle and release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic
cavity, is induced by high levels of __________.

Answer 24

estrogens

Question 25

The postovulatory phase occurs between ovulation and _____________. In the ovaries, LH
stimulates development of the __________ from the ruptured follicle and stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, estrogen, _______, and inhibin. In the uterus, the endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation.

Answer 25

menstruation

corpus luteum

relaxin

Question 26

If fertilization and implantation do not occur: (1) In the ovaries, the corpus luteum ___________, and the levels of progesterone and estrogens __________; (2) in the uterus, the resulting low levels of progesterone and estrogens result in ________________ followed by the initiation of another reproductive cycle.

Answer 26

degenerates

decrease

menstruation

Question 27

If fertilization and implantation do occur: (1) In the ovaries, _______________ secreted by the embryo maintains the corpus luteum so it continues to be a source of progesterone and estrogens; (2) in the uterus, endometrial development continues under the influence of _____________________ in preparation for implantation of the embryo.

Answer 27

human chorionic gonadotropin

progesterone and estrogen

Question 28

The zygote divides into a __________ and then a blastocyst that implants in the endometrium of the uterus.

Answer 28

morula

Question 29

The gestation period is from________________and is divided into three trimesters.

Answer 29

fertilization to birth

Question 30

Describe fertilisation ?

Answer 30

Fertilization, the union of the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell and a haploid
secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus, typically occurs within the uterine tube 12 to 24
hours after ovulation.