CONCEPT REVIEW (REPRODUCTION) Flashcards
Gonads produce __________ and sex hormones, ducts store and transport gametes, and accessory sex glands produce materials that protect and help move gametes.
gametes
Supporting structures assist the delivery of gametes, and the _______________ is the site of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy
uterus
Pregnancy begins with __________ and is a time when the fertilized ovum undergoes __________, embryonic and fetal development, and birth.
fertilization
implantation
Spermatogonia begin producing sperm at _______. Some spermatogonia develop into diploid primary spermatocytes that sequence through spermatogenesis (meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis) to form haploid sperm cells.
puberty
Mature sperm have a pointed head, a caplike acrosome filled with enzymes for penetrating the __________, and a tail with a middle piece containing mitochondria that provide energy for movement toward the secondary oocyte.
secondary oocyte
Fluid from Sertoli cells pushes sperm through the testis in the ___________, through the rete testis, then through the ____________ in the efferent ducts
straight tubules
epididymis
The epididymis lies along the posterior border of each testis and contains the tightly coiled _____________, the site of sperm maturation and storage. The ductus epididymis propels sperm into the _____________.
ductus epididymis
ductus deferens
What does the the ductus deferent do?
The ductus deferens stores sperm and propels them to the urethra for ejaculation.
The prostate lies inferior to the _____________and surrounds the prostatic urethra. Its
secretion constitutes about ________ of the volume of semen and contributes to sperm motility and
viability.
urinary bladder
25%
Paired __________________lie inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous
urethra. They secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acids from
urine in the urethra.
bulbourethral glands
The ovarian cortex contains ovarian _______with oocytes in different stages of development. A mature follicle is ready to expel its secondary oocyte during ___________. A corpus luteum, the remains of a follicle after ovulation, degenerates into the corpus albicans.
follicles
ovulation
A corpus luteum, the remains of a follicle after ovulation, degenerates into the __________________.
corpus albicans
The formation of female gametes, begins in the ovaries. It is called
Oogenesis
The oogenesis sequence includes meiosis I and ________________, which stops in metaphase. The secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation and is usually swept into the __________
meiosis II
uterine tube
If a sperm cell penetrates the ___________, meiosis II resumes, and a haploid ovum is produced. The sperm and ovum nuclei unite during fertilization to become a _____________
oocyte
diploid zygote.
Where is the normal site of fertilisation?
The uterine tubes extend laterally from the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization
Their distal end is an open, ________________ with fingerlike fimbriae that sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube. Ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions help move a secondary oocyte or zygote toward the uterus.
funnelshaped infundibulum
The female reproductive cycle ranges from ___________ days and has four phases: the menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, _________, and postovulatory phase.
24 to 35
ovulation
menstrual phase: (1) In the ovaries, primordial follicles develop into primary, then secondary follicles; (2) in the uterus, the _________________ of the endometrium is shed through menstrual flow.
stratum functionalis
The preovulatory phase occurs between ____________- and ovulation.
menstruation
In the ovaries, one follicle becomes dominant while the others ___________________.
degenerate
The dominant follicle becomes the mature follicle and secretes _______________, which decreases FSH secretion and stops the other follicles from growing.
estrogens and inhibin
In the uterus, __________________stimulate growth of a new stratum f u n c t io n a lis .
estrogens
Ovulation, the rupture of the mature follicle and release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic
cavity, is induced by high levels of __________.
estrogens
The postovulatory phase occurs between ovulation and _____________. In the ovaries, LH
stimulates development of the __________ from the ruptured follicle and stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, estrogen, _______, and inhibin. In the uterus, the endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation.
menstruation
corpus luteum
relaxin
If fertilization and implantation do not occur: (1) In the ovaries, the corpus luteum ___________, and the levels of progesterone and estrogens __________; (2) in the uterus, the resulting low levels of progesterone and estrogens result in ________________ followed by the initiation of another reproductive cycle.
degenerates
decrease
menstruation
If fertilization and implantation do occur: (1) In the ovaries, _______________ secreted by the embryo maintains the corpus luteum so it continues to be a source of progesterone and estrogens; (2) in the uterus, endometrial development continues under the influence of _____________________ in preparation for implantation of the embryo.
human chorionic gonadotropin
progesterone and estrogen
The zygote divides into a __________ and then a blastocyst that implants in the endometrium of the uterus.
morula
The gestation period is from________________and is divided into three trimesters.
fertilization to birth
Describe fertilisation ?
Fertilization, the union of the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell and a haploid
secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus, typically occurs within the uterine tube 12 to 24
hours after ovulation.
