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Body Systems - Diagrams & Matching > CONCEPT REVIEW (DIGESTION) > Flashcards

CONCEPT REVIEW (DIGESTION) Flashcards

1
Q

The GI tract is a continuous multilayered tube extending from the _________ to the _____________.

A

mouth

anus

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2
Q

GI tract organs include the mouth, _____________, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

pharynx

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3
Q

The accessory digestive organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, ___________, gallbladder, and pancreas.

A

liver

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4
Q

Digestion includes six basic processes: what are they?

A

Digestion includes six basic processes:

ingestion,

secretion,

mixing and propulsion,

mechanical and chemical digestion,

absorption,

and defecation.

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5
Q

The peritoneum is the _________ serous membrane of the body. The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity wall, and ___________ peritoneum covers some of the cavity organs. The peritoneal cavity is a thin space containing serous fluid that is located between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum.

A

largest

visceral

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6
Q

The GI tract is regulated by an intrinsic set of nerves known as the __________________and by an extrinsic set of nerves that is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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7
Q

The ENS consists of neurons arranged into two plexuses: the _____________ of the muscularis controls GI tract motility, and the _______________ of the submucosa controls GI tract secretions.

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

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8
Q

Although the ENS can function independently, it is subject to regulation by the ANS. Parasympathetic stimulation ____________ GI tract secretion and motility by increasing the activity of ENS neurons. Sympathetic stimulation ___________ GI tract secretion and motility by inhibiting ENS neurons.

A

increases

decreases

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9
Q

There are two dentitions: the_______ deciduous (primary) teeth and ______ permanent (secondary) teeth. The permanent teeth include incisors, cuspids, premolars, and molars.

A

20

32

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10
Q

Through mastication, food is mixed with saliva and shaped into a soft, flexible mass called a
_______. Salivary amylase begins the digestion of starches into disaccharides. Lingual lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides.

A

bolus

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11
Q

Swallowing consists of voluntary oral, ______________, and involuntary esophageal stages.

A

involuntary pharyngeal

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The pharynx is a funnel-­shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and to the larynx anteriorly. The pharynx has both respiratory and digestive functions.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

What term is used to describe the movement of a bolus from the mouth to the stomach?

A

Deglutition moves a bolus from the mouth to the stomach

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14
Q

The stomach ____________ breaks down the bolus and mixes it with gastric secretions.

A

mechanically

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15
Q

The 4 Regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part.

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16
Q

The stomach mucosa contains __________that open into gastric pits. Gastric glands secrete ­gastric juice composed of mucus, ___________, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and _________.

A

gastric glands

hydrochloric acid

intrinsic factor

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17
Q

The stomach muscularis has _________ alternately arranged layers of smooth muscle.

A

three

18
Q

Mechanical digestion in the stomach consists of mixing waves that mix food with __________ and macerate it to a soupy ___________.

A

gastric juice

chyme

19
Q

Chemical digestion consists mostly of the conversion of proteins into peptides by __________. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, activated to pepsin by acidic pH, which begins ____________.

A

pepsin

protein digestion

20
Q

Gastric lipase allows digestion of___________ into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

A

triglycerides

21
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Absorption by the stomach is limited to water, certain ions, drugs, and alcohol.

22
Q

The liver is composed of a right lobe and left lobe that is continuous with the quadrate and caudate lobes. The lobes of the liver contain ____________radiating out from a central vein and many sinusoids containing phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells.

A

hepatocytes

23
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Hepatocytes secrete bile into bile canaliculi

24
Q

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery; nutrient­ rich venous blood from the GI tract enters from the hepatic portal vein. The liver processes and ____________ blood before it enters the venous circulation.

A

detoxifies

25
Q

In the small intestine, bile breaks down large lipid globules into small lipid globules in a process called _________________. Between meals, bile enters the gallbladder for storage.

A

emulsification

26
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder is a sac located on the posterior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile.

27
Q

The small intestine is divided into three parts, what are they?

A

The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum that joins the large intestine at the ilocecal sphincter.

28
Q

Explain the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Digestion of carbohydrates begins by salivary amylase from the mouth and pancreatic amylase in pancreatic juice. The resulting glucose subunits are digested by brush border enzymes into monosaccharides.

29
Q

Explain the digestion of protein

A

Digestion of proteins begins by pepsin from the stomach and continues in the small intestine by the action of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase in pancreatic juice. Protein digestion is completed by brush border peptidases.

30
Q

Explain the digestion of lipids

A

Some digestion of lipids occurs in the stomach by lingual lipase and gastric lipase. Once in the small intestine, larger lipid globules are emulsified into smaller lipid globules by the bile salts in bile. Pancreatic lipase attacks the smaller lipid globules, completing the digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and a monoglyceride.

31
Q

The colon is divided into 4 parts. What are they?

A

The colon is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

32
Q

_________ inhabiting the lumen break down remaining carbohydrates, proteins, and bilirubin; and produce vitamin K and some B vitamins.

A

Bacteria

33
Q

When mass peristalsis pushes feces into the ________, distension of the rectal wall initiates the defecation reflex.

A

rectum

34
Q

What are the three phases of digestive activities?

A

Digestive activities occur in three overlapping phases: cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

35
Q

What happens in the Cephalic phase?

A

During the cephalic phase of digestion, salivary glands secrete saliva and gastric glands secrete gastric juice in order to prepare the mouth and stomach for food that is about to be eaten.

36
Q

What happens in the Gastric phase?

A

The presence of food in the stomach causes the gastric phase, involving peristalsis and gastric juice secretion from gastric glands. The hormone gastrin stimulates gastric juice secretion.

37
Q

What happens in the Intestinal phase?

A

During the intestinal phase of digestion, food is digested in the small intestine. In addition,
reflex activity slows gastric motility in order to slow the exit of chyme from the stomach, which prevents the small intestine from being overloaded with more chyme than it can handle. Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice into the small intestine.

38
Q

What is meant by metabolism?

A

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions of the body

39
Q

_______________, the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O, involves glycolysis,the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

A

Cellular respiration,

40
Q

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into ____ molecules of pyruvic acid. Each molecule of pyruvic acid that enters the Krebs cycle is first converted to ____________.

A

two

acetyl coenzyme A

Body Systems - Diagrams & Matching (18 decks)

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