CONCEPT REVIEW (ENDOCRINE)

Question 1

The endocrine system releases hormones to control body activities and help maintain ____________?

Answer 1

homeostasis.

Question 2

What is a HORMONE?

Answer 2

A molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body.

Question 3

Exocrine gland secretions enter ducts that carry the secretions to body surfaces or into cavities. ________ glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid to diffuse into the blood where they circulate to target tissues.

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

The secretion of hormones is regulated by ?

Answer 4

the nervous system,
chemical changes in the blood,
and other hormones.

Question 5

Hormones affect only_____________ that have specific receptors to bind to a given hormone. The number of hormone receptors may decrease (down­regulation) or increase (up­regulation).

Answer 5

target cells

Question 6

There are two classes of hormones:

Answer 6

lipid-­soluble and water­-soluble.

Question 7

____________ hormones circulate in blood plasma unattached to plasma proteins; most ___________ hormones circulate attached to transport proteins

Answer 7

Water­-soluble, lipid­-soluble

Question 8

What can Hormones do? Functions?

Answer 8

Hormones can stimulate synthesis of molecules, alterations in membrane permeability, stimulation of membrane transport, alterations in metabolic rate, and contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle.

Question 9

Three factors influence the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone?

Answer 9

the hormone’s concentration,

abundance of target cell receptors,

and influences exerted by other hormones.

Question 10

How are Hormones regulated?

Answer 10

Hormone secretion is regulated by nervous system signals, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones.

Question 11

How many hormones are regulated by the Hypothalamus?

Answer 11

The hypothalamus regulates anterior pituitary secretion of seven important hormones.

Question 12

Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by ____________ hormones and suppressed by___________hormones from the hypothalamus. These hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through the _________________ that links the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

Answer 12

releasing, inhibiting, hypophyseal portal system

Question 13

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 13

Several anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones, hormones that influence the secretion of other endocrine glands.

Question 14

The 7 main Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Answer 14

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Corticotropin­releasing hormone (CRH)
3. Human growth hormone (hGH)
4. Thyroid­stimulating hormone
5. Follicle­stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
7. Prolactin

Question 15

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone originate in the _____________ and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

The thyroid gland is located ?

Answer 16

inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

Question 17

What are the 3 major THYROID hormones.

Answer 17

Internally, the gland consists of thyroid follicles with follicular cells that produce two thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4),

and parafollicular cells that produce calcitonin.

Question 18

The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates what ions ?

Answer 18

calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ion levels.

Question 19

The paired adrenal glands lie superior to each kidney. Each adrenal gland has an outer adrenal _______ and inner adrenal __________.

Answer 19

cortex, medulla.

Question 20

The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, ________________?.

Answer 20

and weak androgens

Question 21

The major mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, does what functions?

Answer 21

increases kidney reabsorption of Na+ and water from
urine to the blood,

increases excretion of K+ into the urine,

and helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume.

Secretion of aldosterone is controlled by the renin­angiotensin­aldosterone pathway.

Question 22

The glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) regulate what?

Answer 22

metabolism and resistance to stress

Question 23

Secretion of glucocorticoids is initiated by corticotropin­releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which stimulates release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Glucocorticoids increase protein breakdown, enhance glucose formation, break down triglycerides, inhibit inflammation, and ___________________________.

Answer 23

depress immune system responses

Question 24

Androgens function to?

Answer 24

stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair, aid prepubertal growth spurts, and contribute to libido in females.

Question 25

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 25

The adrenal medulla

These hormones augment the sympathetic nervous system fight­or­flight response.

Question 26

The ovaries produce what hormones ?

Answer 26

Estrogens, Progesterone, and Inhibin

Question 27

The testes produce what hormones ?

Answer 27

Testosterone and Inhibin.

Question 28

The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle in the brain. It secretes the what hormone?

Answer 28

melatonin

Question 29

Body tissues other than those normally classified as endocrine glands contain endocrine tissue and secrete hormones, what organs are they?

Answer 29

gastrointestinal tract, 
placenta, 
kidneys, 
skin, 
and heart.