CONCEPT REVIEW (Cardiovascular system, the blood) Flashcards
Blood is a connective tissue composed of ?
plasma (liquid portion) and formed elements (cells and
cell fragments).
Blood transports what? Name 6
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and metabolic wastes.
Blood helps regulate what?
pH,
body temperature,
and water content of cells.
It provides protection by?
clotting and by combating toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic
white blood cells or
specialized blood plasma proteins.
Blood is viscous what is it’s pH?
ranging from pH 7.35 to 7.45
What is the bloods normal temperature?
temperature of
38 degrees
What is the volume of the blood?
Its volume is 4–6 liters.
Whole blood is composed of ?
plasma, a watery liquid containing dissolved substances, and formed elements, which are cells and cell fragments.
Plasma consists of what?
91.5% t water
8.5 % solutes.
Principal solutes include proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products
The formed elements include ?
red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
What is the name of the production of formed elements?
Hemopoiesis
- is the formation of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.
The pluripotent stem cells of the red bone marrow give rise to ___________ stem cells and
___________stem cells.
lymphoid, myeloid
Myeloid stem cells differentiate into ?
RBCs, platelets, mast cells, granulocytes, and monocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells start differentiating into?
lymphocytes in red bone marrow, and then complete development in lymphatic tissues.
What shape are Mature red blood cells ?
Mature red blood cells are biconcave cells containing hemoglobin.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes contain the oxygencarrying protein pigment ____________, which gives RBCs their red color.
hemoglobin
True or false
Red blood cells contain nuclei
False
A hemoglobin molecule consists of what protein?
the protein globin composed of four polypeptide chains;
How does hemoglobin carry oxygen?
bound to each polypeptide chain (four) is a ringlike, nonprotein pigment called heme. Heme contains iron that binds to oxygen.
How much carbon dioxide combines with globin?
About 23 percent of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood combines with globin.
What’s the life cycle of RBC’s?
Red blood cells have a life cycle of 120 days.
Fragile, old, or damaged RBCs are destroyed by phagocytic macrophages.
What happens to old RBC’s?
As macrophages phagocytize RBCs, their hemoglobin is broken down and recycled. Amino acids from globin are used to make proteins. Iron from heme is used to synthesize hemoglobin for new RBCs. The noniron portion of heme is eventually converted to bilirubin and secreted into bile that passes into the intestines.
Name the process of RBC formation?
Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation.
It takes 1-2 days to mature from scratch
How is Erythropoiesis stimulated?
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by hypoxia (low concentration of oxygen), which results in the release of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys.
How is blood categorised ?
Blood is categorized into groups based on surface antigens
What are the key differences of WBC to RBC’s? Stipulate 2.
White blood cells or leukocytes have a nucleus, and do not have hemoglobin.
The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Eosinophils have ?
large, uniform granules stained redorange and a nucleus with two or three lobes.
The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Basophils have ?
variablesized granules stained bluepurple that obscure the twolobed nucleus.
The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Neutrophils have ?
small, pale lilac granules. The nucleus has two to five lobes.
The agranular leukocytes can be distinguished. Lymphocytes have ?
sky blue cytoplasm with a
dark, round, slightly indented nucleus.
The agranular leukocytes can be distinguished.
Monocytes have ?
bluegray cytoplasm with a foamy appearance and a kidneyshaped nucleus. Monocytes that migrate into tissues enlarge into macrophages.
When do WBC’s leave the blood stream?
WBCs can leave the bloodstream by emigration to move to tissue sites of pathogen invasion or inflammation.
_________________ occurs when pathogens and inflamed tissues release chemicals that attract phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages. These cells ingest and dispose of pathogens and dead matter during phagocytosis. _____________ respond most rapidly to an infection site. Monocytes arrive later at an infection site but arrive in large numbers.
Chemotaxis, neutrophils
Eosinophils , what do they do?
Eosinophils stop the effects of histamine and other mediators of inflammation in allergic reactions. They also attack parasitic worms.
What do Basophils do?
Basophils release heparin, histamine, and serotonin, which intensify the inflammatory reaction.
What are the roles of Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes function in immune responses. B cells destroy bacteria.
T cells combat viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria.
Natural killer cells attack various
microbes and tumor cells.
What is the life span of WBC’s?
Most WBCs live only a few hours to a few days. A differential white blood cell count
measures the number of each type of WBC in a sample of 100 WBCs.
The hormone thrombopoietin stimulates myeloid stem cells to develop into megakaryocytes. These huge cells splinter into 2000–3000 fragments and enter the bloodstream. Each fragment is a ____________________
platelet or thrombocyte.
What is the structure and function of Platelets?
Platelets lack a nucleus and have chemicals that promote blood clotting. Platelets stop blood loss in damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug in the vessel wall.
What is Hemostasis?
Hemostasis is the sequence of events that stops bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.
What are the mechanisms in Hemostasis?
Three mechanisms are involved:
- vascular spasm,
- platelet plug formation,
- and blood clotting.
Vascular spasms of the smooth muscle in the wall of a ________________ help reduce blood loss.
damaged vessel
Platelets that come into contact with damaged blood vessels aggregate into a ________________ to
stop bleeding.
platelet plug
A _________________ is a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are
trapped.
clot
Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the first stage?
formation of prothrombinase
Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the second stage?
conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the third stage?
conversion by thrombin of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the fourth stage?
The clot plugs the damaged area of the blood vessel and undergoes clot retraction, which pulls the blood vessel edges closer together.
What is the name of a clot without a broken vessel
Thrombus
A dislodged thrombus can be swept away in the blood and is then called an?
Embolus.
