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GCSE Geography > Component 2 - UK human geography > Flashcards

Component 2 - UK human geography Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the UK urban core?

A

1.Modern/larger buildings
2. Higher crime rate
3. Attracts more investment
4. More tourism
5. Flatter ground
6. Economic hub
7. Dense
8. Good transport
9. Diverse population and jobs

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the UK rural core?

A
  1. More biodiverse
  2. Less policing
  3. Less pollution
  4. Sparse population
  5. Less diversity
  6. Lots of farms
  7. Ageing population
  8. More hilly
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3
Q

What does demographic mean?

A

the structure of the population.

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4
Q

What are the 4 employment types?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quarternary
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5
Q

What involves the primary sector?

A

Gathering or harvesting raw materials from the Earth, e.g farmers/miners

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6
Q

What involves the secondary sector?

A

Using raw materials to manufacture something

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7
Q

What involves the tertiary sector?

A

Providing a service to others

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8
Q

What involves the quarternary sector?

A

Researching, developing, or working with cutting edge new technology

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9
Q

What does the Clark Fisher model say about the 4 sectors in LICs

A

1.Primary - Falling slowly
2.Secondary - Rising slowly
3.Tertiary - Rising slowly
4.Quarternary - Doesn’t exist

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10
Q

What does the Clark Fisher model say about the 4 sectors in NEEs

A

1.Primary - falling rapidly
2.Secondary - Rising, then beginning to fall
3.Tertiary - Rising rapidly
4.Quarternary - Very little

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11
Q

What does the Clark Fisher model say about the 4 sectors in HICs

A

1.Primary - not changing
2.Secondary - Falling slowly
3.Tertiary - Falling slowly
4.Quarternary - Rising slowly

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12
Q

Why do immigrants come to the UK?

A

1.Higher salaries
2.Commonly spoken language
3.Education
4.Safety

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13
Q

What are the pros of immigration?

A
  1. Helps combat an ageing population
  2. Can fill lots of job vacancies
  3. Creates diverse society
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14
Q

What are the cons of immigration?

A
  1. Some immigrants send money back home
  2. Creates brain drain in countries where immigrants came from
  3. Culture clash
  4. Put’s strain on government services.
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15
Q

What does deindustrialisation mean?

A

it is the decline of a country’s manufacturing industries.

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16
Q

What can cause deindustrialisation?

A

1.Exhaustion of raw materials
2.Competition from other economies.

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17
Q

What were the 4 main UK industries?

A

1.Steel
2.Coal
3.Ship building
4.Car manufacturing

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18
Q

What caused deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  1. The domino effect
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19
Q

What is the UK’s deindustrialisation domino effect?

A

1.Coal fields shut because surface grade coal ran out, coal became cheaper to import
2.Then the steel works closed because they no longer had access to UK coal, steel became cheaper to import
3.Then the shipbuilding industry died because they no longer had access to british steel, asian ships became cheaper and more available

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20
Q

What is the IMD?

A

Index of multpile deprivation - a measure of ralative deprivation. A rank out of 33000

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21
Q

What are the 7 domains of deprivation?

A

1.Incom
2.Employment
3.Education
4.Health
5.Crime
6.Barriers to housing/services
7.Living environment

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22
Q

What is the spiral of decline?

A

Trigger —> Loss of jobs —> Less income and tax income —> Less money spent on services —> less service jobs, worse services —>Less private investment —>Higher emigration —>Less tax money —> Back to less money on services

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23
Q

What can trigger the spiral of decline?

A

1.Deindustrialisation
2.War
3.Natural disaster
4.corruption

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24
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

Investment(usually gov)—>More jobs—>People have more income, more tax revenue —> People spend more on local area, more spent on services —> More service jobs —> Higher private investment —> Brain gain —> More high earners —> back to people have more income

25
Q

What are ways UK gov policy has reduced wealth inequality?

A

1.Creating enterprise zones
2.Improving transport
3.boosting regional development

26
Q

What are enterprise zone?

A
  1. Areas where companies are offered benefits such as tax cuts and simpler planning rules in order to attract investment
  2. An example is Dorset Green enterprise zone
27
Q

What are some key transport improvements in the UK?

A

1.Elizabeth Line - makes journeys from east to west london easier
2.HS2 - London to Birmingham
3.Superloop WHEY

28
Q

where does migration affect the population distribution of the UK?

A

1.Lots of young national migrants, and immigrants move to the cities for work and education
2.Older people move out of the city as they have built up wealth, and want a higher quality of life.

29
Q

How has migration changed the UK’s age structure?

A

1.The large number of migrants are looking for work and education, so they usually are quite young
2.Migrants increase the birth rate, as most are of child bearing age, so more babies are born

30
Q

Why has the UK’s primary sector declined?

A

1.Farming has become more mechanised, so fewer people are needed.
2.The mining industry moved to other countries as it was cheaper.

31
Q

Why has FDI increased in the UK?

A

1.globalisation
2.Privatisation
3.Free Trade policies

32
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of countries becoming more integrated.

33
Q

How has globalisation increased FDI in the UK?

A

1.Tranport and commmunication links have improved. making it easier for companies to operate in the UK
2.London has developed as a global financial centre - it is home to many international and European banking HQs, eg HSBC and Citi Bank, both in Canary Wharf

34
Q

How does privatisation increase FDI?

A

Foreign firms buy the services, which is investment

35
Q

How do free trade policies increase FDI?

A

1.It reduces trade restrictions
2.While the UK was in the EU, it could freely trade, this means that it attracted lots of FDI from the EU

36
Q

What are the positive effects TNCs have on the UK?

A
  1. Jobs are created
  2. Large scale projects can be built by TNCs, instead of by the government, saving the gov money.
  3. TNCs lead the way in R&D, which increases productivity
37
Q

What are the negative effects TNCs have on the UK?

A

1.Over-reliance means if there is a problem overseas, it can effect the UK, eg - world recession in 2009 led to redundancies in the Nissan factory in Sunderland.
2.TNCs can pull investment at anytime
3.Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs - Starbucks vs locals

38
Q

name a town on London’s rural urban fringe

A

Sevenoaks

39
Q

Why do migrants of all incomes move to the inner city of London?

A

1.Wealthier immigrants move for the high paying skilled jobs
2.lower paid migrants move to look for unskilled jobs in the services sector

40
Q

Why are the poorer people limited to where they can live?

A

1.They can only afford poor quality housing in the inner city
2.They may need to live close to work as they don’t have a car.

41
Q

What are the causes for inequality in London?

A

1.Services
2.Health
3.employment
4.Education

42
Q

How do services cause inequality?

A

1.Rapid population growth puts pressure on public services.
2.Funding these services are harder, as immigrants usually move to lower income areas, where the local council has less tax revenue
3.More people + same funding = bad service

43
Q
A
44
Q

How does healthcare cause inequality?

A

1.Unhealthy lifestyles are more common in deprived areas
2.This puts pressure on already strained NHS services
3.Poorer people can’t afford private healthcare, so NHS is even more strained

45
Q

How do employment factors cause inequality?

A

1.There are fewer manufacturing jobs in the inner city, so it is hard for less educated to get work.
2.Average income in chelsea is 130k vs less than 35k in newham, due to the lower quality jobs

46
Q

How does education cause inequality ?

A
  1. The best state schools are usually oversubscribed.
  2. Wealthy parents can afford to send their children to private schools.
47
Q

Why have parts of the innter city and CBD declined in London?

A

1.Deindustrialisation of the docks
2.De-centralisation, business leave the CBD for cheaper rent
3.Online shopping meant less people went to the CBD for shopping

48
Q

How has London seen economic growth?

A

1.TNC investment
2.Gentrification and studentification
3.urban sprawl
4.Leisure and culture

49
Q

What is gentrification?

A

when the wealthier middle class move into run down areas and regenerate them, by bringing in money. It often forces out the less wealthy who were already there

50
Q

How did the olympic games help bring investment to London’s east end?

A

1.It brought better transport links
2.the athlete’s village was developed into modern housing
3.The stadiums have been open for community use and other events
4.This all creates jobs

51
Q

What were the pros of the London Docklands regeneration?

A

1.Transport was improved with Elizabeth, Jubilee and DLR
2.The environment has been improved
3.Businesses have been attracted back - Canary Wharf is home to many huge companies

52
Q

What are the cons of the London Docklands regeneration?

A

1.Many local people had to leave, as they were unskilled and couldn’t work the new high skill jobs, and couldn’t afford the housing
2.Some local traditional businesses were closed, and replaced with services for the wealthier
3.Existing communities were broken up

53
Q

How can London make urban living more sustainable?

A

1.Increasing employment oppurtunity reduces povert, eg London living wage
2.Lots of green space, London is good at this - 40% green space
3.Improving transport so noise and air pollution can fall. This is done through ULEZ, bike lanes and electric buses

54
Q

How is London interdependent with rural areas?

A

1.Labour - many people commute to London from the surrounding areas
2.Goods - London relies on the surrounding ruaral areas for food and rural people travel to London for shopping
3.Services - London has fantastic services, but many Londoners go to the country for leisure activities.

55
Q

What are the pros of London’s interdependence?

A

1.Businesses in rural areas have higher revenues due to the locals having higher incomes
2.Farmers have made money from selling land and diversifying
3.Less pressure on housing in London

56
Q

What are the cons of interdependence?

A

1.Some villages become commuter towns, so they’re empty during the day
2.new housing estates have been built on the countryside
3.Lots of commuters drive to small station in the country, to get the train, increasing traffic

57
Q

What are the challenges facing rural areas?

A

1.Employment deprivation due to higher tech farming, and deindustrialisation
2.Schools and GPs close in some villages due to a lack of demand, so people have to travel further to get these services
3.Some rural places have high house prices due to the wealthy retired Londoners on their cushy 6 figure pensions

58
Q

How can farmers diversify their businesses?

A

1.Farm shops
2.Hotels/accomodation
3.Leisure activities

59
Q
A

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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