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GCSE Geography > Component 1 - Urbanising world > Flashcards

Component 1 - Urbanising world Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

When did urbanisation happen in developed countries?

A

18th - 19th centuries

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3
Q

Which countries have the fastest rate of urbanisation?

A

developing countries

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4
Q

What is a megacity?

A

An urban area with over 10 million people

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5
Q

Where are most megacities?

A

Asia

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6
Q

What is urban primacy?

A

1.When one city dominates the country it is in.
2.The city usually has a population double of the second largest city

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7
Q

How do primate cities influence a country?

A
  1. Investment - businesses often locate there, attracting investment
  2. Migration - There are lots of jobs so people migrate there
  3. Transport - international ports and airports are often located there. Public transport is usually good
  4. Governments and HQs of powerful businesses are located there, this means decistions about development usually favour the city
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8
Q

What is national vs international migration to cities?

A
  1. National migration - When people move to a city in the same country
  2. International migration - when people move from one country to a city in another country
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9
Q

What are some push factors towards cities?

A

1.Shortage of jobs/ low wages
2.Poor standard of living
3.Poor government services
4.War
5.Natural disasters
6.Poor environment

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10
Q

What are some pull factors of cities?

A
  1. More employment oppurtunites + higher salaries
  2. Better standard of living
  3. Better health care and education
  4. A safe place with little crime
  5. Cleaner environment
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11
Q

Why are cities in developing countries growing?

A

1.Rural areas are very poor - less jobs in agriculture due to tech
2.Cities have better tranport links so trade is focused there
3.Some cities are attracting foreign companies and the manufacturing industry is expanding.

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12
Q

Why do cities in emerging countries have stable/growing populatons?

A

1.Some cities have become industrial centres.
2.Others have a rapidly expanding services sector.
3.As a country gets wealthier, they invest in flagship projects to attract FDI, creating jobs.

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13
Q

Why do cities in developed countries see declining/stable growth?

A

1.De-industrialisation has led to the decline of indusrial areas, so people move away to find work elsewhere.
2.A lot of low paid workers are attractes to more successful cities in the region, leading to the decline of nearby cities.

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14
Q

What is formal employment?

A

Employment which is officially recognised, the workers are protected by laws and pay tax to the government

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15
Q

What is informal employment?

A

Employment which is unofficial, jobs are untaxed and unregulated by the government. People often work long hours for little pay

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16
Q

What are the 4 economic sectors?

A

1.Primary - collecting raw materials
2.Secondary - manufacturing
3.Tertiary - Services. Eg - Financial, retail and nursing.
4.Quarternary - the information economy, Eg - R&D

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17
Q

What are the 5 stages cities go through as they develop?

A

1.Urbanisation
2.Suburbanisation
3.Deindustrialisation
4.Counter-urbanisation
5.Regeneration

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18
Q

What happens in the urbanisation stage?

A
  1. More and more people move to the city
  2. The city becomes crowded and polluted
  3. The city spreads into the surrounding countryside
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19
Q

What happens during the suburbanisation stage?

A

1.People move from the middle of the city to the edges to avoid the busy centre.
2.The city rapidly sprawls outwards.
3.The transport network improves so sprawl can continue

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20
Q

What happens during the deindustrialisation stage?

A

1.As the country develops, deindustrialisation occurs
2.Industry leaves the city, going to rural areas or other countries where prices are cheaper.
3.Leads to de-population as people leave with the industry
4.The city enters a decline, where unemployment increases, living standards fall and poverty rises.

21
Q

What happens during the counter urbanisation stage?

A

1.People move away from large urban areas to smaller settlements
2.This is because housing prices are often lower
3.Increased car ownership and improved transport meant people lived outside of the city
4.Work from home also exists.

22
Q

What happens during the regeneration stage?

A

1.Businesses are attracted back to the city centre as the Gov and companies invest in the area
2.Re-urbanisation begins and continues - multiplier effect
3.Attracts lots of younger workers

23
Q

What are the 3 land uses?

A

1.Commercial
2.Industrial
3.Residential

24
Q

What are the features of a CBD?

A
  1. Large buildings
  2. Lots of tranport
  3. busy
  4. major roads intersecting
  5. high density
25
Q

What are the features of the Inner city

A

1.Mainly residential lower class housing and older industry.
2.Terraced houses and parallel roads

26
Q

What are the features of the suburbs?

A

The suburbs are mainly residentrial middle class housing. There are a lot of detached and semi detached houses in cul-de-sacs

27
Q

What are the features of the rural urban fringe?

A

1.A mix of commercial business parks and residential high class housing.
2.More green space and shopping centres

28
Q

Why do tourists flock to rio?

A

1.Culture - carnivals
2.Beaches like Guanabara Bay
3.Landmarks like Christ the Redeemer
4.Nightlife

29
Q

What are Rio’s main industries?

A

1.services - Banking, finance and insurance

30
Q

What are Rio’s main exports?

A

1.Coffee, sugar and iron ore

31
Q

Why did Rio’s population grow so rapidly?

A

1.rural to urban migration
2.International migration
3.1.78 fertility rate
4.Economically successful

32
Q

Why does the topogrogphy of Rio restrict development?

A

There are lots of mountains around Rio, restricting development

33
Q

What is Rio’s Population?

A

16million

34
Q

When were the olympics and world cup held in Rio?

A

2014 World cup and 2016 Olympics

35
Q

How much of Brazil’s GDP is Rio?

A

5%

36
Q

What housing challenges does Rio suffer from?

A

1.Rapid growth has led to a housing shortage so lots of migrants start off life in favelas - 19% of Rio lives in Favelas
2.Favelas are built on low quality land around the edges of the city
3.People in the favelas have no legal right to live there
4.It is very crowded in favelas

37
Q

What education challenges does Rio suffer from?

A

1.Only 50% continue education past 14
2.Shortage of teachers
3.Shortage of schools

38
Q

What infrastructure challenges does Rio suffer from?

A

1.Electricity is illegally tapped in favelas which is dangerous
2.Frequent blackouts
3.12% don’t have access to running water
4.Resevoirs can be emptied in droughts

39
Q

What crime issues does Rio suffer from?

A

1.Robbery and violent crime are big and happen regularly
2.Street crime is big
3.Criminal gangs have control over drug trafficking

40
Q

What healthcare challenges does Rio face?

A

1.in 2013 only 55% had a local clinic
2.Hard to access healthcare in favelas
3.Cicade de deus has a very low life expectancy compared to other parts of Rio

41
Q

What are 5 things to consider when talking about the environment?

A

1.Greenhouse gas emissions
2.water pollution
3.physical waste
4.air pollution
5.sanitation

42
Q

What are the main environmental challenges in Rio?

A

1.Air pollution
2.Water pollution
3.Waste pollution

43
Q

What are the causes and solution for Rio’s air pollution?

A

1.Heavy traffic and congestion releases fumes
2.mist from atlantic mixes with fumed from factories creating smog.
3.Fixed by - adding more public transport, charging for driving in city centre, one way roads to improve flow

44
Q

What are the causes and solutions for Rio’s water pollution?

A

1.Open sewers in favelas run into local rivers
2.Over 50 tonnes of industrial waste runs into Guanabara bay each day
3.Oil refineries experience oil leaks and ships dump their fuel
4.Fixed by - 12 new sewage works opened since 2014, ships are now fined for dumping fuel, 5km of sewage pipes have been installed

45
Q

What are the causes and solutions for Rio’s waste pollution?

A

1.Many favelas are built on steep slopes and have few roads, so the binmen can’t come
2.Waste just gets dumped into sewers
3.Fixed by - Having power plants use gas from rotting waste and local community projects to keep favelas clean.

46
Q

What is pacification?

A

The process of turning a Favela into a safe and more developed area by eradicating major crime through force and providing services.

47
Q

What are the pros of pacification?

A
  1. Provides long term stability
  2. Easier to provide essential services
  3. Reduces violent crime massively
  4. People feel safer to be freer after pacification
  5. Reports of crime have skyrocketed as people now feel safer to come out
48
Q

What are the cons of pacification?

A

1.Can become like a war
2.Many people don’t trust the police
3.1/10 arrests resulted in a death
4.Expensive and lengthy
5.Colateral damage is high
6.Some areas were provided stability by the local gangs
7.only1/4 of favelas have been pacified
8.Gangs are only foced into other favelas

49
Q

What is urban planning?

A

A technical and political process which focuses on how land in urban areas are used

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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