Component 2 - Coastal Change and Conflict

Question 1

What are the 3 types of mass movement?

Answer 1

1.Slides - material shifts in a straight line
2.Slumps - material shifts with rotation
3.Rockfalls - material breaks up and falls down the slope

Question 2

What are examples of mechanical weathering?

Answer 2

1.hydraulic action
2.abrasion
3.attrition

Question 3

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 3

The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition, eg carbonation weathering

Question 4

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 4

waves crash against the rock and compress air in the crack, causing pressure to build, breaking a piece off/

Question 5

What is abrasion?

Answer 5

eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against rock,

Question 6

What is attrition?

Answer 6

eroded particles in the water smash into eachotehr becoming smaller. Their edges get rounded off too

Question 7

What is a discordant coastline?

Answer 7

When the coastline is made up of alternating bands of hard and soft rock, at right angles to the coast

Question 8

What is a concordant coastline?

Answer 8

the alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coast

Question 9

What landforms are made at discordant coastlines and why?

Answer 9

1.bays and headlands are formed
2.because the bands of rock are being eroded at different rates.

Question 10

How does the UK’s climate impact its coastlines?

Answer 10

1.Strong winds cause destructive waves which increase erosion of cliffs
2.Intense rainfall makes cliffs more saturated so mass movement occurs more.
3.The prevailing winds from the south west bring storms in, which batter the coast and erode it

Question 11

What are the properties of destructive waves?

Answer 11

1.large, steep and have a high frequency (10-14 a min)
2.Their backwash is more powerfu than their swash, so they remove material from the coast.

Question 12

How do waves erode cliffs?

Answer 12

1.The wave forms a wave cut notch by erosion
2.The rock above becomes unstable and collapses
3.This material is washed away and the cycle continues
4.This causes cliffs to reteat.
5.It also leaves a wave cut platform

Question 13

How are headlands eroded?

Answer 13

CCASS
1.Waves crash into the headland and enlarge cracks by hydraulic action and abrasion
2.this continues until a cave forms
3.This continues until it breaks through the headlands and forms an arch
4.Erosion weathers away the rock supporting the arch, causing it to collapse
5.This forms a stack, which is then further eroded into a stump, causing the headland to retreat

Question 14

What is LSD?

Answer 14

Long shore drift - 1.Waves follow the prevailing wind
2.This means they usually hit the coast at an oblique angle
3.The swash carries material up the beach, with the waves
4.The backwash then carries it at right angles back out.
5.This repeats and carries material down a coastline

Question 15

What is deposition?

Answer 15

When material being carries by water is dropped on a coast.

Question 16

What are the properties of constructive waves?

Answer 16

1.They deposit more than they erode
2.They are low, long and have a low freq.(6-8waves)

Question 17

How are spits formed?

Answer 17

1.LSD transports material down a coast, until it arrives at a sharp bend
2.The waves lose their energy and deposit material here
3.This continues until a spit forms.
4.Strong winds and waves can form a recurved end at the end of a spit.

Question 18

What happens to the land behind a split?

Answer 18

it becomes sheltered, so lots of material accumulates and plants begin to grow. This then becomes a salt marsh.

Question 19

How are bars formed?

Answer 19

1.When a spit joint 2 headlands togther
2.It cuts off the bay from the sea, forming a lagoon

Question 20

BIG WARNING - CHECK OS MAP LABELS BEFOREHAND PLS

Answer 20

yoko geri - side thrust kick

Question 21

How does agriculture affect the coast?

Answer 21

1.Agricultural land is of low value, so is left unprotected meaning that it is left to be eroded by the sea
2.Clearing vegetation for crops exposes the soil, making it vulnerable to weathering
3.marshland is often drained for use, this removes a natural flood barrier

Question 22

How does development affect the coast?

Answer 22

1.Coasts with lots of settlement have more coastal defences so they erode slower there
2.This means that tranportation and deposition of material along the coast is change, so places along the coast may get more or less deposition

Question 23

How does industry affect the coast?

Answer 23

1. Coastal quarries expose lots of rock, making it exposed to erosion and weathering
2. Gravel is taken from beaches to use in construction. This means there is less to protect the coast.

Question 24

How does climate change and rising sea levels increase the risk of coastal flooding and erosion?

Answer 24

1.It will cuase higher tides, sos coastal areas flood more often
2.Higher tides remove larger amounts of material from beaches, leading to more erosion

Question 25

How does climate change and storm frequency increase the risk of coastal flooding and erosion?

Answer 25

1.Storms give the sea more power, so the coast will become more vulnerable to all types of erosion
2.The sea will be able to transport more material, so many areas would be starved of material
3.Storm surges will flood areas further in land too

Question 26

How does climate change threaten people on the coast?

Answer 26

1. Low lying coastal areas might become permanently flooded.
2. Coastal industries may be shut down due to damage to equipment from storms and sea levels
3. There’s a risk of damage to coastal infrastructure
4. The tourist industry will be hurt

Question 27

How does climate change threaten the environment on the coast

Answer 27

1. Ecosystems will be affected as seawater is harmful to creatures and lower soil fertility
2. The force of floods can uproot trees and plants
3. Lagoons can be destroyed as the bar is overwhelmed

Question 28

What is hard engineering?

Answer 28

Man made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion.

Question 29

What is soft engineering?

Answer 29

Schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

Question 30

What hard engineering defence methods are there?

Answer 30

1. sea walls
2. groynes

Question 31

What soft engineering methods are there?

Answer 31

1.beach replenishment
2.slope stabilisation
3.strategic realignment

Question 32

What are groynes and sea walls?

Answer 32

1. Wooden or stone fneces built at right angles to the coast. These trap material being transported by LSD
2. A wall made out of hard material that reflects waves back out to sea

Question 33

What are the pros and cons of sea walls?

Answer 33

pros:
- Prevents erosion of the coast
- Acts as a barrier to prevent flooding
cons:
- creates stronger backwash, which erodes under the wall
- very expensive to maintain and build

Question 34

What are the pros and cons of groynes?

Answer 34

Pros:
- they create wider beaches which slow the waves, providing greater protection from flooding and erosion
- they are fairly cheap
cons:
- They starve beaches further down the coast of sand
- This makes beaches narrower, and increases erosion and flooding down the coast

Question 35

What is beach nourishment, slope stabilisation and strategic realignment?

Answer 35

1.Sand from elswhere or from lower down the beach is added to upper parts of beaches
2.Slopes are reinforced by covering it with metal netting
3.Removing an existing defence and allowing the land behind it to flood

Question 36

What are the pros and cons of beach nourishment?

Answer 36

Pros:
- It creates wider beaches, which slow the waves and provide protection
cons:
- Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms like sponges and corals
- It’s very expensive and must be constantly replenished

Question 37

What are the pros and cons of slope stabilisation?

Answer 37

Pros:
- It prevents mass movement by increasing the strength of the slope
Cons:
- Very expenisve and difficult to install

Question 38

What are the pros and cons of strategic realignment?

Answer 38

Pros:
- Over time the land will become marshland, creating new habitats and resuding erosion behind the marsh
cons:
- people may disagree over what land should flood

Question 39

What is a sustainable way to manage the coast?

Answer 39

Through the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), who protect the coast whilst taking on everyone’s interests.