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GCSE Geography > Component 1 - Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Component 1 - Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 aspects to development?

A

1.Economic
2.Social
3.Political

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2
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

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3
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

The GDP divided by the population of the country

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4
Q

What is GNI

A

Gross National Income - The total value of goods and services produced by a country over a year, including income from overseas.

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5
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year.

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6
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 every year

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7
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The number of births per woman

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8
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

The number of babies who die under 1yr old per 1000 babies born.

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9
Q

What is the maternal mortality rate?

A

The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per 100,000 births.

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10
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

A measure of economic inequality between 0 (equal) and 1 (unequal)

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11
Q

What is the Gender Inequality Index?

A

A number that’s calculated using data on women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the more unequal.

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12
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

This is a number that;s calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Every country receives an HDI value between 0-1(least - most)

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13
Q

What is the Corruption Perception Index?

A

CPI - A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, the more corruption.

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14
Q

Why are composite indicators better than single indicators?

A

Composite indicators take into account more than 1 factor, so it is more accurate

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15
Q

Why do developing countries have high death and fertility/birth rates?

A
  1. There is poor healthcare so death rate is high
  2. There is little sex ed and little contraception.
  3. People have lots of children as lots of them die young
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16
Q

Why do emerging countries have falling fertility rates?

A
  1. Women have a more equal place in society
  2. Sex ed rises and contraception is used more
  3. Women work more instead of having kids.
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17
Q

Why do developed countries have lots of older people and low fertility rates?

A
  1. People want a higher quality of life so there is less time for kids
  2. Healthcare is very good so people live longer
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18
Q

What factors can affect how developed a country is and how unequal the world is?

A
  1. climate
  2. Topography
  3. Education
  4. Health
  5. Colonialism
  6. Neo-colonialism
  7. Economic and political
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19
Q

How can climate and topography affect development?

A
  1. If a country has a poor climate, not much food will grow restricting development
  2. If the land is steep then it won’t produce much food and will be hard to build on.
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20
Q

How does education and health affect development?

A
  1. Better education means a more skilled workforce, so more goods and services can be produced.
  2. Educated people earn more to more taxes are generated
  3. In terms of health, a lack of clean water and poor healthcare means many people suffer from disease restricting the number of people able to work, harming development
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21
Q

How can colonialism and neo-colonialism affect development?

A

1.Colonialism often delays when a country can begin its development, however it boosts the development of former colonial powers.
2.Neo-colonialism leads to exploitation of poorer countries by richer ones.

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22
Q

How do political ideologies affect development?

A
  1. Authoritarian govs can allow for quicker and easier economic development, eg China, but it can easily go wrong, eg Cuba;s economic crash.
  2. Democratic govs usually result in slower but more controlled and stable growth.
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23
Q

How can wealth inequality make things harder for developing countries/poorer people?

A
  1. Education - Poorer countries/people cannot afford education for all, so they get worse paying jobs, the cycle of poverty continues
  2. Health - Poorer people/countries are at higher risk to diseases due to lack of funding/affordability in healthcare
  3. Politics - Inequality can stimulate instability such as crime, and riot leaing to potential civil wars.
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24
Q

How can global inequalities cause environmental issues?

A

1.Economic dev means more consumption putting pressure on resources
2.Industrialisation leads to higher pollution
3.The richer countries have their factories in foreign countries, so pollution is concentrated in developing countries

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25
Q

What are the stages of Rostow’s theory of Economic Development?

A

1.Traditional society - Subsistence farming
2.Preconditions for takeoff - Manufacturing begins, infrastructure is built
3.Take off - Rapid intensive growth with large scale industrialisation
4.Drive to maturity - Economy grows, standards of living rises, technology is used alot
5.Mass consumption - Lots of trade, Goods are mass produced, walthy people, high levels of consumption.

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26
Q

Summarise Rostow’s theory.

A

It predictes how a country economic development changes over time, from relying mostly on primary industry to tertiary and quarternary industry.

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27
Q

Summarise Frank’s dependency theory.

A

1.Suggests that poorer countries on the periphery will remain poor, as they are reliant on the developed core countries
2.Richer countries take advantage of cheap labour and resources of the poorer countries through neo-colonialism.
3.The richer countries manufacture higher quality goods and sell it back to the poorer countries at a higher price, keeping them poor

28
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more integrated.

29
Q

What infrastructure features have made globalisation easier?

A

1.IT network improvements means information can travel the world much faster, making business easier
2.Transportation upgrades means people can travel the world quicker, making business easier

30
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A company that produces products, sells products or are located in more than one country.

31
Q

How do TNC’s promote globalisation?

A

1.They link countries together through the production and sales of goods.
2.They bring the culture from their country of origin to other places.
3.They promote consumerism, making people’s lifestyles more similar.

32
Q

How do Governments increase globalisation?

A

1.Free trade - reducing tariffs on goods makes it easier to trade
2.Investment - govs will compete with eachother to attract TNC investment as they bring jobs and stimulate growth.
3.Privatisation - governments will hand control of services to private companies from many different places

33
Q

How have some countries benefited from globalisation?

A

Countries like India, China and Brazil have benefitted because of:
1.Large,cheap workforces
2.are open to foreign investment
3.less strict environmental, labour and planning laws
4.Lots of cheap raw materials
5.reasonable infrastructure
6.lots of land

34
Q

How can globalisation increase global inequality?

A

1.free trade benefits richer countries as TNC profits return to their headquarters.
2.Richer countries attract the best talent leading to a brain drain in poorer countries

35
Q

What is top-down development?

A

1.When a government or large organisation makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the project
2.Used for large projects, and affect a lot of people
3.Projects are usually very expensive.
4.Often high tech and energy intensive, so skilled labour is used.

36
Q

What is bottom-up development?

A

1.Local people and communities decide on ways to improve tings for their community
2.Small scale, and aim to boost the quality of life for the poorest people
3.usually much cheaper, where most money comes from charities
4.Usually uses intermediate technology and local people are employed

37
Q

What is an example of top down development in India?

A

The Sardar Sarovar Dam

38
Q

What are the aims of the Sardar Sarovar dam?

A

To encourage development by providing electricity and supporting farming in the arid NW India

39
Q

Who funded the Sardar Sarovar dam?

A
  1. The World Bank
  2. Japanese Banks
  3. Indian Government
40
Q

Who benefits from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

A

India’s main cities and large farming companies as they get access to cheap electricity and water

41
Q

Who is harmed by the Sardar Sarovar dam?

A

234 local villages were flooded, local farms destroyed and people downstream got hit by earthquakes

42
Q

What are the reasons for if the Sardar Sarovar dam was justified?

A
  1. Yes - it’s a reliable and long term way to supply India with food, water and electricity
  2. No - The dam cost well over $10Bn which could have been used to support millions of people in other ways and lots of homes were destroyed
43
Q

What is a major criticism of the Sardar Sarovar dam?

A

The water and electricity generated by the dam went to the wealthy west coast cities, instead of poor rural India, thus increasing inequality

44
Q

What are the pros of bottom up development?

A
  1. projects address the needs of local people
  2. Locally available/cheap materials are used so it isn’t reliant on expensive imports
  3. projects employ people from the local area
45
Q

What are the cons of bottom up development?

A

1.Small scale, so they only benefit a small group
2.Different organisations may not work together so projects can be unorganised and inefficient

46
Q

What are NGOs?

A

Non-governmental Organisations are not for profit groups independent of governments.

47
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Machines/tools and systems which are easy to use, affordable and cheap to maintain

48
Q

What is a bottom up development in India?

A

The biogasifiers, which provide energy for local people

49
Q

What are IGOs?

A

Inter-governmental Organisations, eg World bank, IMF, UN, are made up of many governments from different countries

50
Q

What are the pros of IGO funded developments?

A
  1. IGOs can afford to fund large infrastructure projects
  2. The projects greatly boost the countries economy, helping with long-term development
  3. The projects improve quality of life as they have better access to the services provided by it
51
Q

What are the cons of IGO funded developments?

A

1.Often super expensive, and may result in debts for the recipient country
2.May not benefit everyone
3.Corrupt govs can take the money and run
4.Projects are very energy intensive, so release lots of greenhouse gases.

52
Q

What are the pros of TNCs funding development?

A

1.They create jobs for local people
2.More companies mean more tax revenue for the government
3.Some TNCs run programs to promote development
4.TNCs also invest in infrastructure, which improves quality of life

53
Q

What are the cons of TNCs funding development?

A

1.Some profits leave back to the TNCs HQ
2.TNCs cause environmental problems as host countries often have weaker environmental laws
3.TNCs may move around the country to take advantage of tax breaks, leaving people with unstable jobs

54
Q

How does India’s large coastline boost development?

A

1.allows for more ports to trade with the world
2.More ports means less bottlenecks, so trade is quicker and easier

55
Q

How has India’s economy changed in recent history?

A

1.It has got rapidly richer ($0.3Tn in 1990 vs 3.7Tn in 2023)
2.There are still large inequalities, majority still fairly poor
3.Importance of different sectors has shifted: primary and secondary employ majority of workforce, but contribute less to GDP than tertiary and quarternary sectors.

56
Q

How has India’s imports/exports changed in recent history?

A
  1. 1990 - Exports:Low-value manufactured goods
  2. 1990 - Imports: Higher value manufactured goods
  3. 2015 - Exports: High-value manufactured goods
  4. 2015 - Imports: Crude Oil
57
Q

How have government policies boosted development in India?

A

1.in 1991, India received $2.1Bn in aid from the IMF to change its economic policies to be more open.
2.In 2009 India made primary education free and compulsory, education boosts development.
3.The rail/road network and airports are being built to reduce travel time and boost development.
4.India relaxed the rules on how much land/property foreign companies can own to boost FDI

58
Q

How has Maharatshra developed quicker than Bihar?

A

1.The growth of manufacturing and services has benefitted Maharashtra’s urban areas(Mumbai) more then Bihar’s rural areas.
2.Maharashtra has lots of ports this provides jobs and can be taxed
3.More money gets spent on Maharashtra to attract more FDI and TNCs.
4.Bihar has no trade routes through it, so it doesn’t attract any investment

59
Q

What are the pros of economic development?

A

1.All age groups get better health:higher life expectancy and lower infant/maternal mortality rate
2.Some age groups receive better education
3.Better gender equality

60
Q

What are the cons of economic development?

A

1.Rapid industrialisation means some people may havbe dengerous jobs as there is a lack of regulations
2.Young people go to the cities, so there are no employees in rural villages so children are put to work, and they get poor educations
3.There is still widespread gender inequality

61
Q

How has India’s economic development impacted the environement?

A
  1. Industrialisation led to higher energy use. This demand meant fossil fuels were burnt, releasing greenhouse gases.
  2. More factories and cars have meant greater air pollution. Gases such as sulfur dioxide and smoke particles cause damage to health. Especially bad in New Delhi
  3. Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution. Lakc of infrastructure means lots of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers.
62
Q

How has India’s global influence increased?

A

1.It joined organisations like ASEAN to strengthen influence in Asia
2.India is a member of the UN, WTO and G20
3.it also has a large military, allowing it to exert its influence.

63
Q

How has economic growth changed India’s relationship with the USA?

A

1.India’s relationship has improved with the USA in recent times
2.The USA expects the economic development of India to increase trade, employment and growth in both countries
3.The USA also sees India as a market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the number of increasingly wealthy people in India.

64
Q

How has economic growth changed India’s relationship with the EU?

A
  1. India has a good relationship with the EU after becoming strategic partners in 2004
  2. India and the EU were negotiating a free trade agreement in 2022 as the EU is one of India’s largest trading partners
  3. The EU supports health and education programmes in India to promote continued development
65
Q

What are the costs/benefits of international relations for India?

A

1.There is increasing tension between India and China as both are rapidly growing economies. Developed countries also worry about losing power to India
2.Improved relations mean India can cooperate with other countries. FDI brings economic benefits.

66
Q

What are the drawbacks to FDI in India?

A

1.TNCs can cause bad environmental problems, eg the amount of water being extracted by Coca Cola bottling plants in Kerala and Varanasi.
2.Large global retail chains can offer cheap prices on goods, this damages independent Indian street traders’ business.
3.TNCs could withdraw their business from India at any time which would cause great damage.

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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