Component 2 Key Terms

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

purpose of investigation

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

Like the overall question you’re answering like a summary

Question 3

Directional Hypothesis

Answer 3

states that the IV will have an effect on the DV and what that effect will b

Question 4

Non-Directional hypothesis

Answer 4

predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.

Question 5

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 5

Opposite to the null hypothesis. Something is going to happen

Question 6

Null hypothesis

Answer 6

Statement that states no effect

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

Manipulated by the experimenter to test its effect on the other variable E.g. CAFFEINE will affect your maths grade. One that changes

Question 8

Dependant variable

Answer 8

Variable measured by the experimenter e.g. caffeine will affect your MATHS GRADE. One that stays the same

Question 9

Confounding variables

Answer 9

Extra factors that can effect all your participants

Question 10

Experiment

Answer 10

Research method where casual conclusions can be drawn

Question 11

Operationalisation

Answer 11

Ensuring that variables are in a form that can be easily tested

Question 12

Internal validity

Answer 12

extent to which the results represent the truth in the population

Question 13

External validity

Answer 13

The degree to which a researchers findings can be generalised e.g. other settings, other people

Question 14

Demand characteristics

Answer 14

Describes the effect of expectations and defined them in everyday demand characteristics and experimental demand characteristics

Question 15

Researcher bias

Answer 15

Refers to information ( other than IV ) from researcher that encourages certain behaviours which might lead to helping them get the outcome they want.

Question 16

Single blind design

Answer 16

Participants don’t know if they’re in a treatment group or a control group. The treatment group will have an effect .

Question 17

Double blind design

Answer 17

Neither experimenter or participants know which group any participants belong too.

Question 18

Pilot study

Answer 18

Mini version of a experiment to limit number of variables that participants are matched on.

Question 19

Experimental design

Answer 19

A way in which levels of IV are delivered

Question 20

Repeated measures

Answer 20

where the same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable. This means that each condition of the experiment includes the same group of participants.

Question 21

Independent groups

Answer 21

Using different participants for each condition pf the experiment. Solution is random sampling

Question 22

Matched pairs

Answer 22

matching participants with someone similar to them and, placing them in different conditions. Solution - pilot study

Question 23

Order effects

Answer 23

Order effects refer to differences in research participants’ responses that result from the order (e.g., first, second, third) in which the experimental materials are presented to them. Order effects can occur in any kind of research.

Question 24

Counterbalancing

Answer 24

Half the participants do condition A first and half do b and then swap after

Question 25

Laboratory research

Answer 25

Room with equipment and can do scientific research and measurements. Often experiments done in lab

Question 26

Research in the field

Answer 26

Researcher goes to participant, behaviour is more natural, difficult to repeat. More natural environment like a supermarket

Question 27

Online research

Answer 27

Using websites, cheaper, however research methods limited. Can do questionnaires

Question 28

Sampling

Answer 28

A process by which we choose who we will use to represent everybody else

Question 29

Target population

Answer 29

The target population is the entire population, or group, that a researcher is interested in researching and analysing. … Examples of a target population are a company’s customer base, the population of particular country, the students at a particular university or tenants of a housing association.

Question 30

Opportunity sampling

Answer 30

It consists of taking the sample for that are available at that given moment.

Question 31

Random sampling

Answer 31

Everyone of the population has a equal chance of being chosen like the lottery.

Question 32

Snowball sample

Answer 32

Current recruits in your study recruit further participants from people that they know

Question 33

Self-selected sampling

Answer 33

They volunteer to be part of your study

Question 34

Stratified/Quota sampling

Answer 34

Putting population into groups and choosing sample from each group

Question 35

Systematic sampling

Answer 35

Using a predetermined system to select participants

Question 36

Valid consent

Answer 36

Consent is where someone agrees to taking part in the research

Question 37

Deception

Answer 37

Lying to someone about what your aims and objectives are.

Question 38

Risk of harm

Answer 38

That participants aren’t going to be at risk of harm during research

Question 39

Confidentially

Answer 39

Concerns the communication of a individuals personal information

Question 40

Privacy

Answer 40

A persons right to control over their personal information

Question 41

Right to withdraw

Answer 41

Right to leave as a participant

Question 42

Debriefing

Answer 42

Interview between participant and reseacher where all elements of study are discussed.

Question 43

Presumptive Consent

Answer 43

Asking a similar group of people how they feel about taking part. If they think its OK they’ll assume real participants will be aswell

Question 44

Ethical guidelines

Answer 44

Defining what actions are morally right or wrong