Component 2 Key Terms Flashcards
Aim
purpose of investigation
Hypothesis
Like the overall question you’re answering like a summary
Directional Hypothesis
states that the IV will have an effect on the DV and what that effect will b
Non-Directional hypothesis
predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Alternative hypothesis
Opposite to the null hypothesis. Something is going to happen
Null hypothesis
Statement that states no effect
Independent variable
Manipulated by the experimenter to test its effect on the other variable E.g. CAFFEINE will affect your maths grade. One that changes
Dependant variable
Variable measured by the experimenter e.g. caffeine will affect your MATHS GRADE. One that stays the same
Confounding variables
Extra factors that can effect all your participants
Experiment
Research method where casual conclusions can be drawn
Operationalisation
Ensuring that variables are in a form that can be easily tested
Internal validity
extent to which the results represent the truth in the population
External validity
The degree to which a researchers findings can be generalised e.g. other settings, other people
Demand characteristics
Describes the effect of expectations and defined them in everyday demand characteristics and experimental demand characteristics
Researcher bias
Refers to information ( other than IV ) from researcher that encourages certain behaviours which might lead to helping them get the outcome they want.
Single blind design
Participants don’t know if they’re in a treatment group or a control group. The treatment group will have an effect .
Double blind design
Neither experimenter or participants know which group any participants belong too.
Pilot study
Mini version of a experiment to limit number of variables that participants are matched on.
Experimental design
A way in which levels of IV are delivered
Repeated measures
where the same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable. This means that each condition of the experiment includes the same group of participants.
Independent groups
Using different participants for each condition pf the experiment. Solution is random sampling
Matched pairs
matching participants with someone similar to them and, placing them in different conditions. Solution - pilot study
Order effects
Order effects refer to differences in research participants’ responses that result from the order (e.g., first, second, third) in which the experimental materials are presented to them. Order effects can occur in any kind of research.
Counterbalancing
Half the participants do condition A first and half do b and then swap after
Laboratory research
Room with equipment and can do scientific research and measurements. Often experiments done in lab
Research in the field
Researcher goes to participant, behaviour is more natural, difficult to repeat. More natural environment like a supermarket
Online research
Using websites, cheaper, however research methods limited. Can do questionnaires
Sampling
A process by which we choose who we will use to represent everybody else
Target population
The target population is the entire population, or group, that a researcher is interested in researching and analysing. … Examples of a target population are a company’s customer base, the population of particular country, the students at a particular university or tenants of a housing association.
Opportunity sampling
It consists of taking the sample for that are available at that given moment.
Random sampling
Everyone of the population has a equal chance of being chosen like the lottery.
Snowball sample
Current recruits in your study recruit further participants from people that they know
Self-selected sampling
They volunteer to be part of your study
Stratified/Quota sampling
Putting population into groups and choosing sample from each group
Systematic sampling
Using a predetermined system to select participants
Valid consent
Consent is where someone agrees to taking part in the research
Deception
Lying to someone about what your aims and objectives are.
Risk of harm
That participants aren’t going to be at risk of harm during research
Confidentially
Concerns the communication of a individuals personal information
Privacy
A persons right to control over their personal information
Right to withdraw
Right to leave as a participant
Debriefing
Interview between participant and reseacher where all elements of study are discussed.
Presumptive Consent
Asking a similar group of people how they feel about taking part. If they think its OK they’ll assume real participants will be aswell
Ethical guidelines
Defining what actions are morally right or wrong
