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GCSE PE > Component 1: Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Component 1: Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of of bones?

A

Long, short, flat & irregular.

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2
Q

What are the 4 classifications of joints?

A

Pivot, hinge, ball & socket and condyloid.

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3
Q

What are the 5 areas of the vertebrae?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral & coccygeal.

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4
Q

What are the 8 ranges of movement?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion, rotation and circumduction.

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5
Q

What is Flexion?

A

The angle of the joint decreases.

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6
Q

What is extension?

A

The angle of the joint increases.

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7
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving arms or legs away from the midline of the body.

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8
Q

What is adduction?

A

Moving arms or legs towards the midline of the body.

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9
Q

What is rotation?

A

Twisting action

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10
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Circular motion involving flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.

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11
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

Lifting the toes up towards the shin.

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12
Q

What is Plantar-flexion?

A

Pointing the toes towards the ground.

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13
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone at a joint.

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14
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Attaches muscle to bone.

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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle?

A

Cardiac, voluntary & involuntary muscle.

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16
Q

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

A

A pair of muscles that work together to produce a movement.

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17
Q

What is a agonist?

A

The muscle within antagonistic muscles that contracts, pulling the bone to create movement.

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18
Q

What is a antagonist?

A

The muscle that relaxes, allowing the movement to occur.

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19
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle fibre?

A

Type 1, Type IIa & Type IIx

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport, clotting & temperature regulation.

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21
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

4

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22
Q

Where would you find the 2 atriums?

A

The upper 2 chambers of the heart.

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23
Q

Where would you find the 2 ventricles?

A

The lower 2 chambers of the heart.

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24
Q

What are the different valves in the heart called?

A

Tricuspid, bicuspid and semi-lunar.

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25
Q

What is the artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

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26
Q

What blood vessel brings blood into the heart?

A

The vena cava

27
Q

Which blood artery brings blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

28
Q

Which blood vessel brings blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

29
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Veins, capillaries

30
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

31
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

32
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To allow gaseous exchange to happen.

33
Q

What is meant by oxygenated blood?

A

Blood containing lots of oxygen.

34
Q

What is meant by deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood containing little amounts of oxygen.

35
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure caused by blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessel.

36
Q

What is systole blood pressure?

A

The pressure caused when the heart contracts pumping blood out of the heart.

37
Q

What is diastole blood pressure?

A

The pressure caused when the heart relaxes to fill with blood.

38
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.

39
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

40
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To fight infection.

41
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To form a clot preventing bleeding and infection.

42
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Liquid that allows the blood to flow around the body.

43
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed at the end of a physical activity to break down any lactic acid.

44
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

When oxygen moves from the alveoli through the capillaries to the red blood cells and carbon dioxide goes from red blood cells to the lungs.

45
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

46
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute.

47
Q

What is the Tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.

48
Q

What is Vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation.

49
Q

What is mite ventilation?

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one minute.

50
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

51
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat.

52
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

A process that increases blood flow to active areas of the body during exercise, diverting from inactive areas.

53
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

The widening of the internal lumen of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

54
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of the internal lumen of the blood vessels to decrease blood flow.

55
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Getting energy from glucose using oxygen.

56
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Getting energy from glucose without using oxygen.

57
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

A by-product of energy production which is formed when working anaerobically.

58
Q

What is lactate accumulation?

A

The name given to the process of lactic acid building within the blood and muscles due to work intensity.

59
Q

What is meant by muscle fatigue?

A

When muscles get tired.

60
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on muscles?

A

Increased muscle fatigue & lactic acid build up, cramp.

61
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

A

Oxygen debt, increase gaseous exchange, greater depth of bleeding, increased frequency of bleeding.

62
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the circulatory system?

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, increase stroke volume and cardiac output.

63
Q

What are the long term effect on the circulatory system?

A

Lower resting heartrate, shorter recovery time, cardiac hypertrophy, greater cardiac output and stroke volume.

GCSE PE (6 decks)

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