Component 1: Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What are the 4 classifications of of bones?
Long, short, flat & irregular.
What are the 4 classifications of joints?
Pivot, hinge, ball & socket and condyloid.
What are the 5 areas of the vertebrae?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral & coccygeal.
What are the 8 ranges of movement?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion, rotation and circumduction.
What is Flexion?
The angle of the joint decreases.
What is extension?
The angle of the joint increases.
What is abduction?
Moving arms or legs away from the midline of the body.
What is adduction?
Moving arms or legs towards the midline of the body.
What is rotation?
Twisting action
What is circumduction?
Circular motion involving flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
What is dorsi-flexion?
Lifting the toes up towards the shin.
What is Plantar-flexion?
Pointing the toes towards the ground.
What is a ligament?
Connects bone to bone at a joint.
What is a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone.
What are the 3 different types of muscle?
Cardiac, voluntary & involuntary muscle.
What are antagonistic muscle pairs?
A pair of muscles that work together to produce a movement.
What is a agonist?
The muscle within antagonistic muscles that contracts, pulling the bone to create movement.
What is a antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes, allowing the movement to occur.
What are the 3 different types of muscle fibre?
Type 1, Type IIa & Type IIx
What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?
Transport, clotting & temperature regulation.
How many valves are in the heart?
4
Where would you find the 2 atriums?
The upper 2 chambers of the heart.
Where would you find the 2 ventricles?
The lower 2 chambers of the heart.
What are the different valves in the heart called?
Tricuspid, bicuspid and semi-lunar.
What is the artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
Aorta
What blood vessel brings blood into the heart?
The vena cava
Which blood artery brings blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Which blood vessel brings blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary vein
What are the 3 different types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins, capillaries
What is the function of the veins?
Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the function of the arteries?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
What is the function of capillaries?
To allow gaseous exchange to happen.
What is meant by oxygenated blood?
Blood containing lots of oxygen.
What is meant by deoxygenated blood?
Blood containing little amounts of oxygen.
What is blood pressure?
The pressure caused by blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessel.
What is systole blood pressure?
The pressure caused when the heart contracts pumping blood out of the heart.
What is diastole blood pressure?
The pressure caused when the heart relaxes to fill with blood.
What are the 4 components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is the function of white blood cells?
To fight infection.
What is the function of platelets?
To form a clot preventing bleeding and infection.
What is the function of plasma?
Liquid that allows the blood to flow around the body.
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed at the end of a physical activity to break down any lactic acid.
What is gaseous exchange?
When oxygen moves from the alveoli through the capillaries to the red blood cells and carbon dioxide goes from red blood cells to the lungs.
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute.
What is the Tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.
What is Vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation.
What is mite ventilation?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one minute.
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat.
What is vascular shunting?
A process that increases blood flow to active areas of the body during exercise, diverting from inactive areas.
What is Vasodilation?
The widening of the internal lumen of blood vessels to increase blood flow.
What is Vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of the internal lumen of the blood vessels to decrease blood flow.
What is aerobic respiration?
Getting energy from glucose using oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Getting energy from glucose without using oxygen.
What is lactic acid?
A by-product of energy production which is formed when working anaerobically.
What is lactate accumulation?
The name given to the process of lactic acid building within the blood and muscles due to work intensity.
What is meant by muscle fatigue?
When muscles get tired.
What are the short term effects of exercise on muscles?
Increased muscle fatigue & lactic acid build up, cramp.
What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Oxygen debt, increase gaseous exchange, greater depth of bleeding, increased frequency of bleeding.
What are the short term effects of exercise on the circulatory system?
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, increase stroke volume and cardiac output.
What are the long term effect on the circulatory system?
Lower resting heartrate, shorter recovery time, cardiac hypertrophy, greater cardiac output and stroke volume.
