Complications of Pregnancy 1 Flashcards
What are the different types of spontaneous miscarriage?
1 - Threatened
2 - Inevitable
3 - Incomplete
4 - Complete
5 - Septic
6 - Missed
How is antepartum haemorrhage (APH) defined?
- Bleeding from the genital tract after 24th week of pregnancy but before delivery of baby
What are the signs of a threatened miscarriage?
Vaginal bleeding
Closed cervix
What are the signs of an inevitable miscarriage?
Open cervix
Bleeding
What is a common complication of incomplete miscarriages (when some of fetal membranes are left behind)?
Septic miscarriage
What are some of the reasons for spontaneous miscarriages?
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Fibroids
- Cervical incompetence
- Maternal diabetes
What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Previous tubal surgery
- Previous ectopic
- Assisted conception
How are ectopic pregnancies investigated?
1 - USS showing no intrauterine sac
2 - BhCG levels
3 - Progesterone levels
How are ectopic pregnancies managed medically?
Methotrexate
What are the causes of APH?
- Placenta praevia
- Placental abruption
What is placenta praevia and in which groups of woman does it tend to occur?
Placenta implants in lower uterine segment
- Multiparous woman
- Multiple pregnancies
- Previous c-section
What are the grades of placenta praevia?
1 - Placenta close to internal OS
2 - Placenta reaches internal OS
3 - Placenta covers internal OS
4 - Placenta centrally placed over cervix
How does placenta praevia present?
Painless bleeding
Soft uterus
Fetal malpresentation
How is placenta praevia diagnosed?
USS
How is PPH managed medically?
Oxytocin
What is considered a pre-term labour?
Labour before 37 weeks
What are some predisposing factors for preterm labour?
- Multiple pregnancy
- APH
- Pre-eclampsia
- Infection (e.g. UTI)
