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CMBL > Complex Lipids and Prostoglandins > Flashcards

Complex Lipids and Prostoglandins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main differences between the two main phospholipids?

A
  • one class has glycerol as its backbone (glycerophospholipids)
  • one class has sphingosine as its backbone (sphingolipids)
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2
Q

all phosphoglycerides contain a ____ on carbon number ___

A

phosphate group on the 3rd carbon

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3
Q

where is the head group located on the phosphoglycerides??

A

attached to the phosphate group which is on carbon number 3

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4
Q

T or F: cardiolipin is found in both eukaryotes and bacteria?

A

true

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5
Q

T or F: Two molecules of PA esterified through their
phosphate groups to an additional molecule of
glycerol is called cardiolipin

A

True

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6
Q

where is cardiolipin found in eukaryotes?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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7
Q

what antibodies would arise if the immune system found cardiolipin?

A

Treponema pallidum, the organism that causes

syphilis

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8
Q

What is structurally different about plasmalogens?

A

at carbon number 1, there is an ether linkage to an alkene

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9
Q

The function of plasmalogens versus
diacylphospholipids is not clear, but there is
some evidence that _____ are more resistant to
oxidative damage, which may provide
protection against oxidative stress in tissues
with active aerobic metabolism.

A

plasmalogens

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10
Q

what is unique structurally about platelet-activating factor?

A

at carbon 1, there is an alkane linked via ether to glycerol backbone
AND
acetyl residue (rather than a
fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone

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11
Q

what does platelet activating factor do?

A

It binds to surface receptors, triggering potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events

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12
Q

who does the following:
activates inflammatory cells and mediates
hyper-sensitivity, acute inflammatory, and
anaphylactic reactions. It causes platelets to
aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and
alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide
radicals

A

platelet-activating factor

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13
Q

Sphingolipids are _____compounds
built on a core structure of the long chain
amino alcohol ______.

A
  • amphipathic

- sphingosine

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14
Q

What is the backbone of sphingomyelin?

A

sphingosine

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15
Q

On which sphingophospholipid is the X or variable head?

A

carbon 1

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16
Q

what is the only significant sphingophospholipid in

humans?

A

sphingomyelin

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17
Q

A key concept in phosphoglyceride synthesis,
therefore, is ______— either of diacyl -
glycerol or the alcohol to be added - by linkage
with ____

A
  • activation

- CDP

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18
Q

which phospholipid does not require activation?

A

Sphingomyelin does not have an activation process!!

19
Q

True or False: All phospholipid synthesis requires an activation process through CDP

A

False. Sphingomyelin does not

20
Q

____ is the primary
starting material for synthesis of
phophatidic acid.

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate

21
Q

dipalmitoyl -phosphatidylcholine ( DPPC, or dipalmitoyl lecithin)

A

made and secreted by Type II pneumocytes, is the major lipid component of lung surfactant

22
Q

what is It is the most valuable assay for the assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.

A

Quantitation of Pulmonary Surfactant: L/S Ratio:

23
Q

An L/S ration of ___ is associateed with pulmonary maturity

A

A ratio of 2.0 or greater has repeatedly been associated

with pulmonary maturity.

24
Q

Niemann-Pick Disease

A

deficiency in sphingomyelinase
enlarged liver and spleen filled with lipid
-severe mental retardation and neurodegeneration
-death in early childhood

25
Q

where does phospholipase A1 cut?

A

after the O but before the C=O on the ester bond on carbon 1

26
Q

where does phospholipase A 2 cut?

A

after the O but before the C=O of the carbon 2

27
Q

where does phospholipase C cut?

A

go to carbon 3, go to the O and cuts between O and P

28
Q

glycosphingolipids are essential components of all membranes in the body, but they are found in greatest amounts in ____tissue

A

nerve

29
Q

The glycosphingolipids differ from
sphingomyelin in that they do not contain
____

A

phosphate

30
Q

Prostaglandins, and the related compounds
thromboxanes and leukotrienes, are collectively known
as eicosanoids to reflect their origin from
polyunsaturated fatty acids with___ carbons

A

20

31
Q

what makes prostaglandins different from hormones

A
  • produced in nearly every tissue

- they act locally

32
Q

The dietary precursor of the prostaglandins is
the essential fatty acid, ______, an ω - 6
fatty acid.

A

linoleic acid

33
Q

describe the synthesis of PGs

A

linoleic acid —(desaturation and elongation)—> arachidonic acid —-(COX)—>PGG2 — (peridoxase) —–> PGH2

34
Q

where do aspirin and ibuprofen specifically inhibit COX?

A

at the cyclogenase activity of COX

35
Q

Which one? COX - ___ is
made constitutively in most tissues, and is required for maintenance of healthy gastric tissue,
renal homeostasis, and platelet aggregation

A

COX-1

36
Q

COX - ___ is inducible in a limited number of

tissues in response to products of activated immune and inflammatory cells

A

2

37
Q

_____inhibits phospholipase A2
activity and, therefore, the precursor of the
prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, is not made
available from membrane phospholipids

A

cortisol (a steroidal anti -
inflammatory agent) inhibits phospholipase A2
activity and, therefore, the precursor of the
prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, is not made
available from membrane phospholipids

38
Q

______ inhibit both COX - 1 and COX - 2 and,
thus, prevent the synthesis of the parent
prostaglandin, PGH2

A

Aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone (
all nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents [
NSAIDS])

39
Q

Leukotrienes are mediators of ___ and ___.

A

allergic response and inflammation

40
Q

True or False: NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis of leukotrienes

A

False. Their synthesis is not affected by

NSAIDs.

41
Q

Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of ____.

A

asthma

42
Q 
Thromboxane A2 ( TXA2) is produced by \_\_\_\_ in
activated platelets
A

COX - 1

43
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by ____ in vascular endothelial cells, inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates vasodilation, and so impedes thrombogenesis

A

COX - 2

CMBL (22 decks)

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