Compartive digestive system Flashcards
What is the pharyngeal diverticulum in Pigs?
And what system is it apart of?
It is a median pharyngeal pouch, dorsal to the beginning of the oesophagus, that forms where the **lower part **of the throat + upper part of the oesophagus meet.
+
The septum contains muscle, fat + fiborous tissues
+
It is apart of the digestive system.
What life stage is the pharyngeal diverticulum most common in pigs?
Adult or older
Name 2 other names for the pharyngeal diverticulum.
- Zenker’s diverticulum
- Pharyngealoesophageal diverticulum
When is it easiest to see the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?
During intubation
How big is the
adult pig’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?
3-4 cm
How big is the
piglet’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?
1 cm
Where is the pharyngeal diverticulum located in the Pig?
Posteriorly, protruding the wall of the pharynx, above the oesophagus + apparent as a ‘sac-like’ structure
What problem can occur if food gets stuck in the pharyngeal diverticulum of pigs?
It can become impacted + lead to an abcess
What are the 2 types of pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?
- Pulsion
- Traction
What is the function of the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?
No one knows!
Which statement is correct?
A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum
B. The Horse, Pig + Cow have a caecum
A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum
(You can name more than 1)
Which species have simple or monogastric stomach?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse
C. Pig + D. Horse
Which species have are monogastric + have a caecum?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse
D. Horse!
(You can name more than 1)
Which species can digest fibre?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse
B. Sheep + D. Horse
How do cows chew their herbivorous diet?
From chewing from side to side (vertically)
How many hours do cows graze for?
8 - 10 hrs
How many hours do cows ruminate for?
8 - 10 hrs
What are the 4 distinct areas of the digestive system in the cow?
A. Cardia, Fundus, Body + Pyloric region
B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum
B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum
What percentage of their day to horses eat for?
A. 60 - 90%
B. 30 - 45%
C. 50 - 70%
D. 45 - 60%
C. 50 - 70 %
What is the term used to describe the type of grazers horses are?
Selective grazers
What percentage of the horses foraging diet is bark in the wild?
10%
Horses are described as being hindgut fermenters. What does this mean?
- They have a caecum + colon
- They provide a large chamber for bacterial fermentation of their herbivorous diet
- For complex carbohydrate, cellulose
What 2 types of microorganisms are used to ferment the horses’s complex carbohydrate diet?
- Bacteria
- Protoza
Why is it important that no sudden changes are made to the horse’s herbivorous diet?
Because the bacteria + protoza in their gut are highly senstitive to dietary changes
Does the horse have a gall bladder?
+
Why?
No
+
Because the horse constantly grazing + food digested, bile usage would be constant + therefore storing + releasing large amounts of bile is unnecessary.
+
The liver constantly secretes bile to assist with fat digestion, so no need to storage
Humans require a gall bladder to store excess bile because bile is an emulsifiying agent, produced by the liver start fat digestion
What structure prevents the return of digested matter from the stomach back to the oesophagus, in horses?
The cardiac sphincter
Which of the following animals has a caecum?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
All of them
Which of the following animals has a rumen?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
C. Horse
+
D. Pig
Which of the following animals has a monogastric stomach?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
C. Horse
+
D. Pig
Which of the following animals has a ruminant stomach?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
A. Cow
+
B. Sheep
Name the 4 compartments of the rumen
- Reticulum
- Rumen
- Omasum
Abomasum
Name the 4 compartments of the non-ruminant stomach
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
Give the simple defintion of digestion
To breakdown food into the smaller units so that it can be absorbed
Name the 2 types of digestion in large animals
- Ruminant
- Non-ruminant
Give 2 other names of the non-ruminant digestive system
- Simple
- Monogastric
What 2 large animals are non-ruminant?
- Horse
- Pig
What 2 large animals are ruminant?
- Cow
- Sheep
How is food primarly digested in non-ruminants?
Chemical enzymes
How is food primarly digested in ruminants?
By:
* Micro-organisms
* Enzymes
What 3 types of food can ruminants digest, in comparison to non-ruminants?
- Grass
- Silage
- Concentrates
How do cattle retain their food using their teeth?
They tear off their food using their tongue + incisor teeth
How do sheep retain their food using their teeth?
- Tear off their food
- Graze close to the ground
What is food called as it passes through the oesophaghus?
Food bolous
What 3 things does saliva do to the food bolous?
- Moistens it for smoother transition
- Lubricates it for smoother transition
- Buffers the pH
What type of tube is the oesophagus?
Muscular, becoming engorged during peritstalsis
What is the 1st stomach called, in the ruminant?
The Rumen
What is the rumen?
- It’s a large sac
- Has rough internal surfaces
- Placed on left-hand side of the body
- Contains liquids
- Churns the contents, to saturate the food
- Contains millions of micro-organisms that attack the food
When does fermentation occur in the rumen?
When it is 2/3rds full, known as ‘chewing the cud’
What 3 things does the rumen do?
- Convert carbohydrates + fibre into fatty acids
- Convert protein + nitrogen containing substances into microbial protein
- Produce ammonia + other gasses such as CO2 + methane
What percentage of the total stomach does the rumen take up, in ruminants?
80%
What is the name of the 2nd stomach, iin ruminants?
The Recticulum
What is the recticulum, in ruminants?
- Small sac
- Has a coarse internal suface
- Filters back coarse food
- Catches foreign bodies
Name 3 types of foreign bodies that the recticulum can commonly catch, in ruminants?
- Nails
- Stones
- Wire
What is the 3rd stomach called in ruminants?
The Omasum
What does the Omasum do?
- Small, circulr sac
- Grinds the food down into a fine paste
What is the 4th stomach called in ruminants?
The Abomasum
What is another name for the Abomasum?
The ‘True stomach’
What does the Abomasum do?
- Very smooth surface
- Secretes acidic digestive juices
- Breaks down protein
- Absorbtion takes place here, through the walls
Name the 3 parts of the small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejenum
- Ileum
Name 2 characteristics of the small intesine
- Long length tube
- Very small diameter
What occurs in the small intestine?
- Digestive juices are produced to help break down fats
- Protein + carbohydrate digesstion continues
Name the 3 parts of the large intestine
- Caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
Name 2 characteristics of the large intestine
- Short length tube
- Larger diameter than the SI
What 3 things occur in the large intestine?
- Water absorption
- Digestion slows down
- Waste materials held in the rectum, until they are voided
What large animal has a less developed digestive system than the others?
+
What does this mean for them?
The pig
+
They less adapted to digest large amounts of fibrous foods
What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?
Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown
What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?
Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown
What type of acid is found in the monogastric species?
Hydrochloric acid
Where does the food digested by enzymes + hydrochloric acid?
In the ‘true’ stomach or Abomasum
What is it called when an animal takes in food through its oral cavity, using the teeth, lips + tongue?
Prehension
What is the name given to swallowing?
Deglutition
What are the 4 components of the saliva?
- Water
- Electrolytes
- Mucous
- Enzymes
What 2 enzymes are present in saliva?
+
What are their functions?
- Lysozyme = antibacterial action
- Amylase = digests starch
True or False.
Amylase is not present within ruminants + carnivores
True!
What species has amylase present in their saliva?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pigs
+
What other species plays an exemption, where it is partialy present?
D. Pigs
+
C. Horse - the horse has a minor amount of amylase present in their saliva
How many litres of saliva can a adult cow produce, per day?
Up to 200 L
Why is large amounts of saliva important in cows?
Because it helps to maintain the fluid content of the rumen
What does large amounts of saliva help prevent in cows?
Prevent the ruminal contents from frothing
What two bases help maintain the high pH of saliva in ruminants?
- Bicarbonate
- Phosphate
What helps neutralise the acids produced by the fermentation of food in the rumen?
Acid
