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Large Animal Yr1 > Compartive digestive system > Flashcards

Compartive digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharyngeal diverticulum in Pigs?

And what system is it apart of?

A

It is a median pharyngeal pouch, dorsal to the beginning of the oesophagus, that forms where the **lower part **of the throat + upper part of the oesophagus meet.
+
The septum contains muscle, fat + fiborous tissues
+
It is apart of the digestive system.

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2
Q

What life stage is the pharyngeal diverticulum most common in pigs?

A

Adult or older

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3
Q

Name 2 other names for the pharyngeal diverticulum.

A
  1. Zenker’s diverticulum
  2. Pharyngealoesophageal diverticulum
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4
Q

When is it easiest to see the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

A

During intubation

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5
Q

How big is the
adult pig’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?

A

3-4 cm

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6
Q

How big is the
piglet’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?

A

1 cm

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7
Q

Where is the pharyngeal diverticulum located in the Pig?

A

Posteriorly, protruding the wall of the pharynx, above the oesophagus + apparent as a ‘sac-like’ structure

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8
Q

What problem can occur if food gets stuck in the pharyngeal diverticulum of pigs?

A

It can become impacted + lead to an abcess

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

A
  1. Pulsion
  2. Traction
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10
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

A

No one knows!

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11
Q

Which statement is correct?

A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum
B. The Horse, Pig + Cow have a caecum

A

A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum

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12
Q

(You can name more than 1)

Which species have simple or monogastric stomach?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

A

C. Pig + D. Horse

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13
Q

Which species have are monogastric + have a caecum?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

A

D. Horse!

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14
Q

(You can name more than 1)

Which species can digest fibre?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

A

B. Sheep + D. Horse

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15
Q

How do cows chew their herbivorous diet?

A

From chewing from side to side (vertically)

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16
Q

How many hours do cows graze for?

A

8 - 10 hrs

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17
Q

How many hours do cows ruminate for?

A

8 - 10 hrs

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18
Q

What are the 4 distinct areas of the digestive system in the cow?

A. Cardia, Fundus, Body + Pyloric region
B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum

A

B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What percentage of their day to horses eat for?

A. 60 - 90%
B. 30 - 45%
C. 50 - 70%
D. 45 - 60%

A

C. 50 - 70 %

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21
Q

What is the term used to describe the type of grazers horses are?

A

Selective grazers

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22
Q

What percentage of the horses foraging diet is bark in the wild?

A

10%

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23
Q

Horses are described as being hindgut fermenters. What does this mean?

A
  • They have a caecum + colon
  • They provide a large chamber for bacterial fermentation of their herbivorous diet
  • For complex carbohydrate, cellulose
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24
Q

What 2 types of microorganisms are used to ferment the horses’s complex carbohydrate diet?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Protoza
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25
Q

Why is it important that no sudden changes are made to the horse’s herbivorous diet?

A

Because the bacteria + protoza in their gut are highly senstitive to dietary changes

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26
Q

Does the horse have a gall bladder?
+
Why?

A

No
+
Because the horse constantly grazing + food digested, bile usage would be constant + therefore storing + releasing large amounts of bile is unnecessary.
+
The liver constantly secretes bile to assist with fat digestion, so no need to storage

Humans require a gall bladder to store excess bile because bile is an emulsifiying agent, produced by the liver start fat digestion

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27
Q

What structure prevents the return of digested matter from the stomach back to the oesophagus, in horses?

A

The cardiac sphincter

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28
Q

Which of the following animals has a caecum?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

All of them

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29
Q

Which of the following animals has a rumen?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

C. Horse
+
D. Pig

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30
Q

Which of the following animals has a monogastric stomach?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

C. Horse
+
D. Pig

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31
Q

Which of the following animals has a ruminant stomach?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

A. Cow
+
B. Sheep

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32
Q

Name the 4 compartments of the rumen

A
  1. Reticulum
  2. Rumen
  3. Omasum
    Abomasum
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33
Q

Name the 4 compartments of the non-ruminant stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
34
Q

Give the simple defintion of digestion

A

To breakdown food into the smaller units so that it can be absorbed

35
Q

Name the 2 types of digestion in large animals

A
  1. Ruminant
  2. Non-ruminant
36
Q

Give 2 other names of the non-ruminant digestive system

A
  1. Simple
  2. Monogastric
37
Q

What 2 large animals are non-ruminant?

A
  1. Horse
  2. Pig
38
Q

What 2 large animals are ruminant?

A
  • Cow
  • Sheep
39
Q

How is food primarly digested in non-ruminants?

A

Chemical enzymes

40
Q

How is food primarly digested in ruminants?

A

By:
* Micro-organisms
* Enzymes

41
Q

What 3 types of food can ruminants digest, in comparison to non-ruminants?

A
  1. Grass
  2. Silage
  3. Concentrates
42
Q

How do cattle retain their food using their teeth?

A

They tear off their food using their tongue + incisor teeth

43
Q

How do sheep retain their food using their teeth?

A
  • Tear off their food
  • Graze close to the ground
44
Q

What is food called as it passes through the oesophaghus?

A

Food bolous

45
Q

What 3 things does saliva do to the food bolous?

A
  1. Moistens it for smoother transition
  2. Lubricates it for smoother transition
  3. Buffers the pH
46
Q

What type of tube is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular, becoming engorged during peritstalsis

47
Q

What is the 1st stomach called, in the ruminant?

A

The Rumen

48
Q

What is the rumen?

A
  • It’s a large sac
  • Has rough internal surfaces
  • Placed on left-hand side of the body
  • Contains liquids
  • Churns the contents, to saturate the food
  • Contains millions of micro-organisms that attack the food
49
Q

When does fermentation occur in the rumen?

A

When it is 2/3rds full, known as ‘chewing the cud’

50
Q

What 3 things does the rumen do?

A
  1. Convert carbohydrates + fibre into fatty acids
  2. Convert protein + nitrogen containing substances into microbial protein
  3. Produce ammonia + other gasses such as CO2 + methane
51
Q

What percentage of the total stomach does the rumen take up, in ruminants?

A

80%

52
Q

What is the name of the 2nd stomach, iin ruminants?

A

The Recticulum

53
Q

What is the recticulum, in ruminants?

A
  • Small sac
  • Has a coarse internal suface
  • Filters back coarse food
  • Catches foreign bodies
54
Q

Name 3 types of foreign bodies that the recticulum can commonly catch, in ruminants?

A
  1. Nails
  2. Stones
  3. Wire
55
Q

What is the 3rd stomach called in ruminants?

A

The Omasum

56
Q

What does the Omasum do?

A
  • Small, circulr sac
  • Grinds the food down into a fine paste
57
Q

What is the 4th stomach called in ruminants?

A

The Abomasum

58
Q

What is another name for the Abomasum?

A

The ‘True stomach’

59
Q

What does the Abomasum do?

A
  • Very smooth surface
  • Secretes acidic digestive juices
  • Breaks down protein
  • Absorbtion takes place here, through the walls
60
Q

Name the 3 parts of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejenum
  3. Ileum
61
Q

Name 2 characteristics of the small intesine

A
  1. Long length tube
  2. Very small diameter
62
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A
  • Digestive juices are produced to help break down fats
  • Protein + carbohydrate digesstion continues
63
Q

Name the 3 parts of the large intestine

A
  1. Caecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
64
Q

Name 2 characteristics of the large intestine

A
  1. Short length tube
  2. Larger diameter than the SI
65
Q

What 3 things occur in the large intestine?

A
  1. Water absorption
  2. Digestion slows down
  3. Waste materials held in the rectum, until they are voided
66
Q

What large animal has a less developed digestive system than the others?
+
What does this mean for them?

A

The pig
+
They less adapted to digest large amounts of fibrous foods

67
Q

What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?

A

Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown

68
Q

What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?

A

Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown

69
Q

What type of acid is found in the monogastric species?

A

Hydrochloric acid

70
Q

Where does the food digested by enzymes + hydrochloric acid?

A

In the ‘true’ stomach or Abomasum

71
Q

What is it called when an animal takes in food through its oral cavity, using the teeth, lips + tongue?

A

Prehension

72
Q

What is the name given to swallowing?

A

Deglutition

73
Q

What are the 4 components of the saliva?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Mucous
  4. Enzymes
74
Q

What 2 enzymes are present in saliva?
+
What are their functions?

A
  1. Lysozyme = antibacterial action
  2. Amylase = digests starch
75
Q

True or False.

Amylase is not present within ruminants + carnivores

A

True!

76
Q

What species has amylase present in their saliva?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pigs

+

What other species plays an exemption, where it is partialy present?

A

D. Pigs

+

C. Horse - the horse has a minor amount of amylase present in their saliva

77
Q

How many litres of saliva can a adult cow produce, per day?

A

Up to 200 L

78
Q

Why is large amounts of saliva important in cows?

A

Because it helps to maintain the fluid content of the rumen

79
Q

What does large amounts of saliva help prevent in cows?

A

Prevent the ruminal contents from frothing

80
Q

What two bases help maintain the high pH of saliva in ruminants?

A
  1. Bicarbonate
  2. Phosphate
81
Q

What helps neutralise the acids produced by the fermentation of food in the rumen?

A

Acid

Large Animal Yr1 (16 decks)

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