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Large Animal Yr1 > Comparative urinary + reproductive system > Flashcards

Comparative urinary + reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

How many mls/kg of urine does the Horse secrete per day?

A

20 ml/kg p/day

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2
Q

How does the kidney in the horse differ from the dog?

A

The left + right kidneys are different shapes

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3
Q

What type of breeders are mares?

A

Long-day breeders

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4
Q

What does long-day breeders mean?

A

The animal’s reproductive cycle is influenced by the daylight hours within the day, detected by the hypothalamus, triggering the release of hormones

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5
Q

When do horses have their breeding season?

A

Spring > Summer

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6
Q

What term is used to drescribe mares having many periods of oestrus or sexual receptivity to the stallion?

A

Seasonlly poly-oestrus

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7
Q

What term is used to describe mares who ovulate without the stimulation of mating, approximately at the same time a her cycle?

A

Spontaneous ovulators

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8
Q

How long does the oestrous cycle last for in mares?

A

17 - 21 days

Some have been known to have as long as 35 days

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9
Q

What is meant when a mare is described as being ‘Uniparous’?

A

They naturally only give birth to 1 foal at a time

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10
Q

How many mammary glands do horses have?

A

2

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11
Q

Name the location + position of the mare’s mammary glands

A
  • 2 mammary glands (or udders)
  • Small in size
  • Lie on ventral surface of caudal abdomen
  • Cranial part of the pelvix
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12
Q

True or False.

The mare’s ovaries are largely inactive until the mare reaches sexual maturity at around 1-2 years of age.

A

True!

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13
Q

Does the male horse have a os penis?

A

No

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14
Q

When does the male horse’s testicles descend into the scrotum?

A

2 weeks old

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15
Q

What is the function of the accessory gland in the horse?

A

Production of seminal fluid

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16
Q

Name the 3 glands within the male horse’s reproductive tract

A
  1. Prostate gland
  2. Vesicular gland (Seminal vesicles)
  3. Bulbourethral gland
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17
Q

Despite the lower success rates with Artifical Inseminatation in Horses, what is the benefit of using it?

A

It is the best way to get around putting the stallion with an unfamiliar mare

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18
Q

Why are mares restrained during supervised mating?

A

To prevent injurry to the hoses involved + the handlers

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19
Q

In the wild, once mating has finished, why does the mare step forward?

A

So the stallion can rest on the mares back, so he doesn’t need to restarin himself, by lifting his bodyweight up + back

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20
Q

What are the shape of the Bull’s testes?

A

Oval shaped

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21
Q

What are the shape of the Ram’s testes?

A

Egg shaped

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22
Q

What are the shape of the Stallion’s testes?

A

Oval shaped

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23
Q

What are the shape of the Boar’s testes?

A

Oval shaped

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24
Q

What are the shape of the Cow’s ovaries?

A

Oval shaped

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25
Q

What are the shape of the Ewe’s ovaries?

A

Almond shaped

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26
Q

What are the shape of the Mare’s ovaries?

A

Kidney-bean shaped

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27
Q

What are the shape of the Sow’s ovaries?

A

Irregular + lobulated

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28
Q

What are the shape of the Bull’s glans penis?

A

Helmet shaped
+
Extended urethral process

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29
Q

What are the shape of the Ram’s glans penis?

A

Helmet shaped
+
Extended urethral process

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30
Q

What are the shape of the Stallion’s glans penis?

A

Mushroom shaped

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31
Q

What are the shape of the Boar’s glans penis?

A

Twisted/spiral shaped

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32
Q

How many days long is the Cow’s reproductive cycle?

A

21 days

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33
Q

How many days long is the Ewe’s reproductive cycle?

A

17 days

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34
Q

How many days long is the Mare’s reproductive cycle?

A

21 days

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35
Q

How many days long is the Sow’s reproductive cycle?

A

21 days

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36
Q

(hrs)

How long is the Cow in Oestrus for?

A

18 hrs
(Standing heat)

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37
Q

(days)

How long is the Ewe in Oestrus for?

A

1 - 2 days

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38
Q

(days)

How long is the Mare in Oestrus for?

A

3 - 6 days

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39
Q

(days)

How long is the Sow in Oestrus for?

A

2 days

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40
Q

What type of ovulator is the Cow?

A

Polyoestrus

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41
Q

What type of ovulator is the Ewe?

A

Seasonally Polyoestrus
(Depends on the breed)

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42
Q

What type of ovulator is the Mare?

A

Seasonally Polyoestrus

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43
Q

What type of ovulator is the Sow?

A

Polyoestrus

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44
Q

At what age does the Cow sexually mature?

A

1 - 2 years old

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45
Q

At what age does the Ewe sexually mature?

A

8 months old

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46
Q

At what age does the Mare sexually mature?

A

18 months old

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47
Q

At what age does the Sow sexually mature?

A

7 months old

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48
Q

How many days long is the gestation period in the Cow?

A

282 days

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49
Q

How many days long is the gestation period in the Ewe?

A

150 days

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50
Q

How many days long is the gestation period in the Mare?

A

336 days

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51
Q

How many days long is the gestation period in the Sow?

A

114 days

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52
Q

What shape is the ovary in the Cow?

A

Oval shaped

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53
Q

What shape is the ovary in the Ewe?

A

Almond shaped

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54
Q

What shape is the ovary in the Mare?

A

Kidney-bean shaped

55
Q

What shape is the ovary in the Sow?

A

Lobulated

56
Q

Name the 4 stages of the Oestrus cycle

(in order)

A
  1. Pro-Oestrus
  2. Oestrus
  3. Met-Oestrus
  4. Di-Oestrus (Or An-Oestrus)
57
Q

Simplify the Pro-Oestrus stage

A
  • The ‘building-up’ phase
  • Ovarian follicle develops
  • Oestrogen is secreted
58
Q

Simplify the Oestrus stage

A
  • Period of sexual receptivity
  • Females stand for mating
59
Q

Simplify the Met-Oestrus stage

A
  • Begins once sexual receptivity ends
  • Corpus luteum forms
  • Oestrogen levels fall (Swelling reduces)
  • Corpus leuteum release progesterone
60
Q

Simplify the Di-Oestrus stage

A
  • Only occurs in Polyoestrus animals (Cows + Pigs)
  • A short period of inactivity inbetween Met-Oestrus + Pro-Oestrus
61
Q

Simplify the Ano-Oestrus stage

A
  • Ocurrs in animals with long Oestrus cycles
  • No sexual activity
  • No hormone acitivty
62
Q

Which of the following animals are short day breeders?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

B. Sheep

63
Q

Which of the following animals are long day breeders?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig

A

C. Horses

64
Q

At what age is the Cow used for her 1st service?

A

1 - 2 years old

65
Q

At what age is the Ewe used for her 1st service?

A

1 - 1.5 years old

66
Q

At what age is the Mare used for her 1st service?

A

2 - 3 years old

67
Q

At what age is the Sow used for her 1st service?

A

8 - 10 months old

68
Q

How many hours after Oestrus does ovulation in the Cow?

A

10 - 14 hours after

69
Q

When should AI take place, after Oestrus, in the Cow?

A

12 hours after

70
Q

How many hours does bovine sperm need to be in the uterus for?

A

6 hours

71
Q

How many hours does Oestrus last for in the Cow?

A

30 hours

72
Q

How many ova are shed in the Sow?

A

10 - 25

73
Q

What does hormone is counteracted by LH?

A

Folicle Stimulation Hormone
(FSH)

74
Q

What type of hormones are FSH + LH?

A

Gonadotrophins

75
Q

Where is FSH + LH secreted from?

A

The Pitutary gland

76
Q

What stage of the cycle occurs in 0 - 6 days in the Mare?

A

Oestrus

77
Q

What stage of the cycle occurs in day 5 of the Mare?

A

Ovulation

78
Q

What stage of the cycle occurs in day 7 in the Mare?

A

Di-Oestrus

79
Q

What stage of the cycle occurs in day 20 in the Mare?

A

The new period of Oestrus

80
Q

Name the 2 dominant hormones during days 0 - 6 in the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?

A

FSH
+
OES

81
Q

Name the dominant hormone on day 5 of the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?

A

LH

(Ovulation)

82
Q

Name the 2 dominant hormones on day 7 of the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?

A

PROG
+
FSH @ day 13

83
Q

Name the 2 dominant hormones on day 20 in the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?

A

FSH
+
PROST

84
Q

What external signs are shown in the Mare, during days 0 - 6 of the Oestrus cycle?

A
  • Tail up
  • Winking vulva
  • Relaxed cervix
85
Q

What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 5 of the Oestrus cycle?

A
  • Tail up
  • Winking vulva
  • Splayed hind legs
  • Urinating
  • Open cervix
86
Q

What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 7 of the Oestrus cycle?

A
  • Ears back
  • Kicking
  • Closed cervix
87
Q

What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 20 of the Oestrus cycle?

A

Renewed interest in the Stallion

88
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A
  • Prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy
  • Thickens the endometrium + external genitalia
  • Cause behavioural changes
89
Q

How long does lactational anoestrus go on for in the Sow?

A

Until the piglets are weaned

90
Q

True or False.

Sow’s are non-spontanous ovulators.

A

False, they are spontaneous ovulators

91
Q

What seasons do the long-day breeders, Mares go into Oestrus?

A

Spring + Summer, as the daylight hours are longer

92
Q

What seasons do the long-day breeders, Ewes go into Oestrus?

A

Winter months, as the daylight hours are shorter

93
Q

What does Polyoestrus mean?

A
  • The animal continously go into Oestrus (or has oestrus cycles) throughout the year
  • More than 1 reproductive cycle in 1 mating season
94
Q

What does Seasonally Polyoestrus mean?

A
  • The animal only goes into Oestrus (or has oestrus cycles) throughout certain months of the year, depending on daylight hours
  • 1 reproductive cycle in 1 mating season
95
Q

What does Polytocous mean?

A

An animal that produces more than 1 offspring per ‘litter’

96
Q

Does the bull have a urethral process?

A

No

97
Q

Does the stallion have a sigmoid flexure?

A

No

98
Q

What type of penis does the bull have?

A

Fibroelastic penis

99
Q

What type of penis does the stallion have?

A

Musculocavernous penis

100
Q

Does the bull have a sigmoid flexure?

A

Yes

101
Q

What shape is the sigmoid flexure in the bull?

A

Straightened, increasing it’s length

102
Q

How many layers does the stallion’s prepuce have in the stallion?

A

2 (Double)

103
Q

What does the double layered prepuce in the stallion do?

A

Surrounds + protects the penis when it’s retracted

104
Q

What is the benefit of the stallion having a muscocavernous penis?

A
  • Allows large blood flow to the penis
  • Engorges the penis in all dimensions for easier penertration + more successful delivery of semen
105
Q

What substance can be found near the external structure of the stallion’s reproductive tract?

A

Smegma

106
Q

What is the function of the sebum-secretion in stallions, smega?

A

Lubricates + protects the glans penis

107
Q

What does the stallion’s penis do when it penetrates the mare?

A

The penis flares + seals the penis to the cervix, to facilitate the succesfull delivery of sperm

108
Q

How is the penis held, structurally, in the stallion?

A

Close to abdominal wall

109
Q

What type of groove does the bull’s glans penis have?

A

Twisted groove, upon the external opening of the glans penis

110
Q

What type of helmet does the bull’s glans penis have?

A

Helmet-shaped

111
Q

Does the bull have a urethral process?

A

No

112
Q

Is the long axis vertical or horizontal in the stallion?

A

Horizontal

113
Q

Is the long axis vertical or horizontal in the bull?

A

Vertical

114
Q

What structure are the testes held near?

A

The S-shaped sigmoid flexure

115
Q

At what age does the stallion’s testes descend through the inguinal canal?

A

3 weeks before they are born

116
Q

True or False.

The left testicle is longer than the right testicle in the stallion.

A

True!

117
Q

What 3 areas make up the structure of the penis?

A
  1. Glans
  2. Body
  3. Crura
118
Q

What is the glans of the penis?

A

Outer/free-portion

119
Q

What is the body of the penis?

A

Main portion

120
Q

What is the crura of the penis?

A

The root

121
Q

How many columns of erectile tissue make up the penis?

A

2

122
Q

Give the name for the 2 columns of erectile tissue in the penis

A

The Corpora Cavernosa

123
Q

What fibroelastic capsule surrounds the penis?

A

Tunica Albuginea

124
Q

What muscle retracts the penis?

A

Retractor muscle

125
Q

What 2 things does the associated nerves + blood vessels in the penis help facilitate?

A
  1. Transport urine from the urinary tract
  2. Deliver sperm to the female, during mating, to ensure fertilisation
126
Q

What structure does the glans, body + crura attach to?

A

The Ischial arch

127
Q

Name the 10 structure of the basic male reproductive system

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Ampulla
  3. Vas deferens
  4. Epididymis
  5. Penis
  6. Bulbo=-urethral gland
  7. Seminal vesicle
  8. Urethra
  9. Scortum
  10. Testes
128
Q

Name the 14 structures of the basic female reproductive system

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Uterine horns
  3. Uterine tubules
  4. Fallopian tubes
  5. Ovaries
  6. Broad ligament
  7. Cervix
    8.Clitoris
    9.Vulva
    10.External urethral orifice
    11.Hymen
    12.Fornix
    13.Vagina
    14.Vestibule
129
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Transport ova from ovaries
  • Transport ovaries > uterine horns, via infundibulum
  • Facilitate space for ova fertilisation
130
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A
  • Produe hormones
  • Release hormones + ova into the bloodstream
  • Ova is released by ovulation, into the fallopian tubes
131
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  • Recieves the penis during mating
  • Facilitates in the epulsion of the foetus
  • I.e. Birth canal
132
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Acts as the last barrier of protection to the uterus against infection

133
Q

What 2 periods does the cervix open?

A

During Oestrus + Partrition

Large Animal Yr1 (16 decks)

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