Comparative Anatomy of Upper and Lower Limb Flashcards
Following embryonic limb rotation, what becomes the plantar aspect of the foot?
The ventral (anterior) surface of the developing lower limb
Following embryonic limb rotation, where are the ventral flexor muscle masses located?
Largely posterior to the knee, as opposed to anterior to the elbow
What allows the grasping hand to be placed into many varied locations?
The prehensile abilities of the upper limb
What does the prehensile ability of the upper limb rely on?
The composite mobility of all of the joints involved
What must the stability of the lower limb provide?
The ability to balance
Where do the only rotational movements of the lower limb occur?
At the hip
Where in the lower limb is there no significant movement?
Tibio-fibular joints
What are the synovial spaces of the sternoclavicular joint lined by?
Fibrocartilage (rather than hyaline cartilage)
What do the synovial spaces of the sternoclavicular joint provide?
Shock-absorbance
Where does the costoclavicular ligament run from?
From the first rib to the clavicle
What does the orientation of the coracoclavicular ligament provide?
Strength for the acromioclavicular joint
What occurs when there is shoulder ligament injury?
There is increased depression of the scapula when load is applied
What is the clavicle highly responsible for?
Stability of the pectoral girdle
What causes minor rotation of the pelvic bones?
Heavy load applied down through the pelvis, particularly through the base of the lumbar vertebrae
The rotation of the pelvic bones would be increased if not for what?
Sacroiliac and sacrospinous ligaments
What is the main function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?
To hold pelvis and sacrum together
The pelvis would be stronger with more bone and ligaments, but what would this result in?
More bone would make the pelvis too heavy
More ligaments would compromise movements and structures that need to pass through
Why is the femoral triangle not folded against the trunk?
Due to limb rotation and bipedal stance
What are the contents of the femoral triangle
A stem artery enters and gives off a deep branch
Accompanying major vein receives a superficial tributary
Nerves
What carries almost the entire innervation of the upper limb?
The brachial plexus
Where does the brachial plexus enter the axilla?
At the lateral border of the first rib
Why is the innervation of the lower limb more complex than that of the upper limb?
Because the lumbosacral plexus lies within the pelvis and 3 different major branches of it enter through separate routes
Where does the median nerve enter the palm of the hand?
Via the carpal tunnel
Where do the ulna artery and nerve enter the hand?
Superficially
Where does the radial artery enter the hand?
Through the first web space
Where do the posterior tibial artery and nerve enter the foot?
Posterior to the medial malleolus
What does the posterior tibial artery give rise to?
The plantar arch via lateral and medial plantar arteries
