Anatomy of Hand and Wrist Flashcards
How many forearm flexor-pronators are there?
8
How many forearm extensor-supinators are there?
11
The brachioradialis flexes the forearm but is in the posterior compartment so is supplied by
the radial nerve
What muscle acts in isolation to adduct the wrist?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
What muscle acts in isolation to abduct the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
What are the forearm flexors?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Brachioradialis
What muscles act to pronate the forearm?
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Where are the powerful extensors of the wrist and digits found?
On the posterior surface
What are the powerful extensors of the wrist and digits?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
How do the extensors of the wrist and digits antagonise/agonise the anterior wrist muscles?
By working in pairs
What does the intermediate muscle layer of the forearm consist of? Where does this later attach?
The flexor digitorum superficialis
Attaches to the middle phalanges of digits 2-5
What does the deep layer of the forearm consist of?
The flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
What do the intermediate and deep muscle layers act to do?
Act primarily to flex the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, although they are also synergists at the other joints which they cross
What is the innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus?
Ulnar nerve
What is the innervation of the brachioradialis?
Musculocutaneous and radial nerves
What is the function of the intermediate posterior layer extensor muscles?
Extend the fingers, elbow and wrist
What do the tendons of the deep extensors form in the hand?
Anatomical snuff box
What are the deep extensors of the posterior forearm?
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
What do the muscles of the hand consist of?
4 thenar muscles 3 hypothenar muscles 4 lumbricals 3 palmar interossei 4 dorsal interossei
What are the thenar muscles?
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis
Opponens pollicis
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Where are the interossei muscles?
Lie between the digits and contribute to the bulk of the hand
What are the interossei muscles responsible for?
Abduction and adduction
Palmar interossei - adductors
Dorsal interossei - abductors
What are the proximal attachments of the lumbrical muscles?
Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Simultaneously flex the MCP joint and extend the PIP joint
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket
What movements occur at the glenohumeral joint?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Circumduction
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial hinge
What movements occur at the elbow joint?
Flexion and extension
What type of joint are the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Synovial pivot
What movements occur at the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Pronation and supination
What is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis?
Interosseous membrane
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Synovial condyloid
What movements occur at the wrist joint?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Circumduction
What type of joint is the carpo-metacarpal joint in the 1st digit?
Synovial saddle
What movements occur at the carpo-metacarpal joint in the first digit?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
What type of joints are the carpo-metacarpal joints in the 2nd-4th digits?
Synovial condyloid
What movements occur at the carpo-metacarpal joints in the 2nd-4th digits?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Circumduction
What type of joint is the proximal metacarpo-phalangeal joint?
Synovial condyloid
What movements occur at the proximal metacarpo-phalangeal joint?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Circumduction
What type of joints are the interphalangeal joints?
Synovial hinge
What movements occur at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
What are the main arteries of the upper limb?
Subclavian artery Axillary artery Brachial artery Radial artery Ulnar arteries Digital arteries
Where does the subclavian artery give off the axillary artery?
At the lateral border of the first rib
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
At the inferior border of trees major
Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar arteries?
In the cubital fossa
What do the radial and ulnar arteries form in the palm of the hand?
Palmar arches which give off digital arteries which run either side of the digits
What is the main contributor to the more distal superficial palmar arch?
Ulnar artery
What is the main contributor to the more proximal deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
What do the superficial veins of the upper limb arise from?
The dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand
What are the main superficial veins of the upper limb?
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Brachial veins
Medial vein
Where does the cephalic vein travel?
Up the limb on the lateral side
Where does the cephalic vein drain?
Into the axillary vein below the clavicle
Where does the basilic vein travel?
Up the limb on the medial side
What does the basilic vein become continuous with?
The brachial veins
What does the medial vein connect?
The cephalic and basilic veins across the cubital fossa
What is the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb?
To the axillary lymph nodes
Why is the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb relevant in breast cancer?
Lymphoedema of the arm can occur due to the removal of breast tissue and axillary lymph nodes
