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ECOLOGY > COMMUNITY ECOLOGY > Flashcards

COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

variety of life on earth

A

biodiversity

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2
Q

collection of physical resources found in a functioning ecosystem combined with the contribution each species make

A

ecosystem services

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3
Q

differences in the species composition of biomes

A

community diversity

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4
Q

signifies distinct characteristics, habits, and gene pool which can be due to evolution

A

species diversity

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5
Q

no individual is similar to the other, that the segregated gene pairs cause variations among individuals

A

genetic diversity

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6
Q

a taxon is neither critically endangered or endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the future

A

vulnerable

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7
Q

the taxon does not satisfy criteria for critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable

A

lower risk

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8
Q

there is insufficient information to make direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status

A

data deficient

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9
Q

array of species in a community depends on physical factors (climate) biological factors (which species arrived first) and the frequency of disturbances

A

community change

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10
Q

species composition of a community can change over time

A

successional change

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11
Q

species alter the habitat in ways that allow other species to come in and replace them

A

ecological succession

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12
Q

species that are opportunistic colonizers of new or newly vacated habitats; have high dispersal rates, grow and mature fast, produce many offspring; help and improve the soil

A

pioneer species

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13
Q

a process that begins when pioneer species colonize a barren habitat with no soil

A

primary succession

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14
Q

a disturbed area within a community recovers; if improved soil is still present, can occur fast; common in abandoned fields and burned forests

A

secondary succession

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15
Q

factors that influence succession

A

physical factors
chance events
Extent of disturbances in the habitat

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16
Q

species that has a disproportionately large effect on community structure

A

Keystone species

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17
Q

species that is especially sensitive to disturbance and can be monitored to assess the health of a habitat

A

Indicator species

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18
Q

course of recovery in living communities and restoration of functions after a disturbance

A

Succession

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19
Q

anticipated a single climax community (mature community) regulated climate which is the termination to the process of succession

A

Frederick Clements (1916)

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20
Q

Mature community

A

Climax community

21
Q

big islands tend to support more species than small ones; more colonists will happen upon a larger island simple by virtue of its size

A

area effect

22
Q

a well-known productive ecosystem; found in tropical and temperate areas

A

forest

23
Q

the forests found along the earth’s equatorial region

A

tropical moist forest

24
Q

types of tropical moist forest

A

tropical lowland rainforest
upland mossy or cloud forest

25
Q

main plants are the conifers (evergreen trees with seed-bearing cones)

A

coniferous forest

26
Q

forms between the polar ice cap and the belts of boreal forests in the northern hemisphere

A

arctic tundra

27
Q

frozen layer

A

permafrost

28
Q

occur when there is an average rainfall of less than 25cm;intermittent rainfall supports some species of plants and animals

A

desert

29
Q

ecosystems can withstand selective pressures caused by grazing of herbivores; annual rainfall is enough to prevent desert drom forming but not enough to support woodlands

A

grasslands

30
Q

warm n summer but cold in winter; annual rainfall of 25 to 100 cm; with rains throughout the year; grasslands in temperate areas

A

temperate prairies

31
Q

broadbelt of grasslands with a few scattered shrubs and trees; warm year round; abundant wildlife; grasslands in tropical region

A

tropical savannas

32
Q

gradients in light penetration, temperature and dissolved gases affect the distribution of life in aquatic habitats

A

freshwater

33
Q

a body of standing fresh water; if sufficiently deep, will have zones that differ in physical characteristics and species composition

A

lakes

34
Q

newly formed lake; deep, clear, and nutrient poor with low primary productivity

A

oligotrophic

35
Q

natural or artificial processes that enrich a body of water with nutrients, allowing producers to grow and productivity rises

A

eutrophication

36
Q

nearest shore, sunlight penetrates all the way to the lake bottom and aquatic plants are primary producers

A

littoral zones

37
Q

upper well-lit, open waters, phytoplanktons are the primary producers

A

limnetic zone

38
Q

light does mot penetrate, consumers depend on food produced above; debris that drifts down feeds detritivores and decomposers

A

profundal zone

39
Q

flowing water ecosystems start as freshwater springs or seeps; as they flow downslope, they grow and emerge

A

streams and rivers

40
Q

factors affecting flow volume and temperature

A

rainfall
snowmelt
geography
altitude
shade cast by plants

41
Q

near the coast of continents and islands, concentrations of nutrients support some of the world’s most productive aquatic ecosystems

A

coastal ecosystems

42
Q

an enclosed coastal region where seawater mixes with nutrient rich freshwater from rivers and streams

A

estuary

43
Q

salt tolerant woody plants that live in sheltered areas along tropical coasts

A

mangroves

44
Q

organisms that live along ocean shores are adapted to withstand the force of the waves and repeated tidal changes; along rocky shores, where waves prevent detritus from piling up, algae are the producers in grazing food chains

A

rocky and sandy shores

45
Q

highly diverse and highly threatened marine ecosystems; wave resistant formations that consist primarily of calcium carbonate secreted by generations of coral polyps

A

coral reefs

46
Q

when stressed, coral polyps expel dinoflagellates; ejecting them turns the coral white

A

coral bleaching

47
Q

from its upper, brightly lit waters to the hydrothermal vents on its deep, dark floor, the ocean is filled with life

A

open ocean

48
Q

the water over continental shelves and the more extensive waters farther offshore

A

pelagic

49
Q

ocean bottom, its rocks and sediments

A

benthic

ECOLOGY (8 decks)

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