BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY Flashcards
a type of natural selection that act on a group collectively
group selection
behaviors affecting group selection
cooperative hunting
cooperative caring for the young
systems of predatory warning
fraction of total allele frequency
allele frequencies
change in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population
microevolution
intermediate form of a trait is forwarded and extreme forms are selected against
stabilizing selection
behavior that benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself
altruism
forms of trait at both ends of a range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against
disruptive selection
genes associated with altruism are selected if they lead to behavior that promotes the reproductive success of an organism
theory of inclusive fitness
individuals hide behind one another
selfish herd
a social system in which dominant animals get a greater share of resources and breeding opportunities than subordinates
dominant hierarchy
necessary substances required by an organism to survive that are provided by its habitat
resources
range of habitat conditions and its specific role
ecological niche
general ways by which social groups increase the fitness of populations
care and nurturing of young
protection and defense
obtaining resources
disadvantages of living in social groups
more interspecific competition for resources
transmission of diseases
animal behavior that involves a signal or stimulus transmitted by one animal and receive by another
communication
physical touching
tactile communication
specialized chemical signals
pheromones
searching for food, critical for survival and is closely associated with animal’s behavior
foraging
provide body with raw materials and energy for life’s activities
food
individuals in group benefit by working together to gain access to food and other resources
cooperative foraging
relative number of males and females composing a population
sex ratio
males win over females by
being the most attractice
good providers
impressing with their style
males mate with multiple females
polygyny
females mate with multiple mates
polyandry
material that colors the upper parts of many soils
humus
greatest importance since soil types and climates are so closely related
climate
the influence is of secondary importance; can be observed in soils that have recently developed from unaltered bedrock which retain moisture and minerals
parent material
steep slopes, erosion is usually more vigorous and the soil layer generally thinner
topography
development of soil is an exceedingly slow process
time
stack of soil horizons
soil profile
soils are not uniform in texture and composition from bedrock to surface
soil horizons
simple soil profile
top soil
iron and clay minerals
partially altered parent material
unaltered parent material
hydrologic cycle; aquatic environment; photosynthesis; transpiration; movement of water depends on the existence of decreasing water potential
water
affects all chemical processes
temperature
over wintering in a dormant state
hibernation
dormancy in summer
aestivation
