Communist Russia Alevel Flashcards
1
Q
When did Stalin’s wife commit suicide?
A
1932
2
Q
Name of state planning agency?
A
Gosplan
3
Q
When was the first Moscow metro line opened?
A
1935 (people’s palace)
4
Q
Harvest comparison 1921 to 1913
A
1921 harvest was 46% of 1913 harvest
5
Q
When was the NEP introduced?
A
1921
6
Q
Grain harvest 1920 compared to 1926?
A
1920: 46million tons
1926: 77million tons
7
Q
When was the first FYP?
R
A
1928 - 1932
8
Q
Second FYP?
R
A
1933 - 1937
9
Q
Third FYP?
R
A
1938 - 1941
foused on rearmament -> 30% state budget
10
Q
Coal production 1927 - 1940?
A
1927: 35 million tons
1940: 166 million tons
11
Q
Oil production 1927 - 1940
A
1927: 12 million tonnes
1940: 31 million tonnes
12
Q
Steel production 1927 - 1940
A
1927: 4 million tons
1940: 18 million tons
13
Q
Example of poor housing under Stalin?
A
650,000 people no access to bathhouse in Liubertsy district in Moscow
14
Q
Number of pigs slaughtered 1928 - 1934?
A
11 million
15
Q
Russian Empire secret police?
A
Okhrana
16
Q
How many Communist Party members 1921?
A
+700,000
17
Q
Russian for government after 1917?
A
Sovnarkom
18
Q
Who became Commissar of War in 1918 & made the Red Army effective & disciplined?
A
Leon Trotsky
19
Q
When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
A
March 1918
20
Q
What happened October 1917?
A
October Revolution: Bolsheviks seize power
21
Q
When did Lenin ban factions?
A
1921
22
Q
How many Mensheviks arrested 1921?
A
5000
23
Q
Details of Brest-Litovsk Treaty?
A
Russia lost:
Baltic States, Finland, Ukraine, parts of Caucasus region
24
Q
Number of Red Army troops by the end of Civil War?
A
5 million had served
25
What was the Kronstadt Mutiny?
Sailors in Kronstadt naval base in 1921 rebelled against Bolsheviks.
Brutally crushed by Red Army.
Shock because these sailors had participated in Bolshevik Revolution.
2,000 executed
26
Tambov Rising?
1920-1921 peasant uprising in central Russia against Bolshevik grain requisitioning.
Grew in popularity.
force grew to +50,000 anti-communist fighters
brutally crushed by Red Army + 100,000 people deported to labour camps
27
What do the Tambov Rebellion & Kronstadt Mutiny suggest?
Growing resentment against Bolsheviks
28
Lenin’s official positions...
Chair of Sovnarkom
&
Politburo member
29
Communist Party organisation...
Politburo
^ Central Committee
^Party Congress
^Regional Communist Party
30
Key role for Stalin 1922?
Stalin becomes General Secretary
31
What was established in 1922?
USSR
32
What does the USSR stand for?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
33
Nomenklatura system?
System of appointing people to jobs from list approved by Party leadership.
Encouraged loyalty as promotions meant better life.
Caused corruption & nepotism
34
When was the Cheka created?
December 1917
35
How many did Cheka kill during Civil War?
200,000 people killed
36
Chitska early 1920’s how many Party members purged?
1/3
37
Felix Dzerzhinsky
Polish aristocrat
Head of Cheka
Ruthless, dedicated, single-minded
Died 1926 heart attack
38
Chitska?
Russian for cleansing
Usually used for purges occurred under Lenin.
39
After Lenin’s death what happened to Party leadership?
Collective leadership
1924-1928
40
Useful advantage of Stalin as General Secretary?
Access to +26,000 personal files ofParty members
+ could appoint new Party members & positions
41
Stalin’s early opponents in the Politburo?
Trotsky
Zinoviev
Kamenev
Bukharin
42
By 1934 secret police called?
NKVD
43
Chitska 1932-1935?
22% Party purged by 1935
44
When was the Great Terror?
~1934-1938
45
Military Victims of Great Terror?
37,000 military officers purged
3 out of 5 Marshals shot
46
Victims of purges by Stalin 1929-1939?
~24 million
Killed/ Gulag/ Starvation
47
When was Yezhov executed?
1940
48
Leningrad Affair 1949?
100 officials shot
2000 arrested
49
NKVD officers purged by Yezhov?
3000
50
Gosplan?
State Planning Authority
51
Decree on Land date?
1917
52
War Communism dates?
1918-1921
53
How many people died due to the famine caused by War Communism?
6 million people in rural areas
54
What happened with grain & coal production in NEP?
Doubled
55
By how much did industrial production grow during NEP?
Roughly 10 times
56
What replaced NEP & when?
Stalin’s Great Turn, 1928
57
What were the collective farms called?
Kolkhoz
58
What replaced the ‘Mir’, the decision-making elders, in the countryside due to collectivisation?
Party representatives (commissars) who controlled the collectives
59
What percentage of peasant households had been collectivised by the late 1930s?
90%
60
How many tractors sent to the MTS by 1933?
100,000
61
When did livestock numbers finally recover after the first years of collectivisation?
R
Late 1940s
62
Ukrainian famine 1932-1933?
Holodomor famine
63
How many Collective farms shared one MTS?
About 40
64
What were the Stakhnovites?
Propaganda movement promoting hardworking & productive workers.
65
What was an effect of war economy 1941-1945?
Grain production fell by 2/3
Oil production fell by 1/3
66
What was the USSR’s biggest export 1930s?
Grain
67
What did Kirov criticise at the Congress of Victors 1934?
The quick rate of collectivisation.
68
How many people moved from rural to urban due to Stalin’s economic policies?
14 million
69
How many villages destroyed WW2?
70,000
70
Successes of the three FYP of 1930s?
By 1941 USSR overtakes Britain & Germany in industrial production.
Coal production increases by 600%
71
What did fourth & fifth FYP focus on after WW2?
Reconstruction & reconversion
72
How many people used to construct the Belomor Canal in 1931-1932 & how many died?
180,000 used as slave labour
10,000 died
73
Magnitogorsk population increased from 25 people in 1929 to ...
250,000 by mid 1930s
74
How many people were released from Gulag camps between 1953-1960?
2 million
75
How much did Party membership increase between 1954-1964?
From 7M to 11M
76
“An iron fist in a velvet glove”
?
Khrushchev
* Suppression Hungarian Revolt
* Building Berlin Wall
77
Year of Cuban Missile Crisis?
1962
78
Year of Hungarian Revolt?
1956
79
Yagoda was head of the NKVD from...
1934-1936
80
Main action taken by Yagoda as head of NKVD?
Expansion of Gulag system
81
Yezhov was in charge of NKVD from...?
1936-1938
82
Name of NKVD execution & judgement squads used by Yezhov?
Troikas
83
Who was the chief executioner of the NKVD during the 1930s?
Vasily Blokhin
84
During the Yezhovchina how many people were arrested?
10% of adult male pop
85
Beria was head of the NKVD from...?
1938-1953
86
What additional important position was Beria put in charge 1945?
Soviet nuclear program
87
Gulag economic output 1937?
2 billion roubles
88
Gulag economic output 1940 thanks to Beria?
4.5 billion roubles
89
Who were the dissidents?
Citizens who refused to conform to expectations of Soviet government.
90
Andropov was head of the KGB from...?
1967-1982
91
Which famous work did Pasternak produce in 1950s?
Doctor Zhivago
Not allowed to be published in USSR
92
What happened to Sakharov eventually?
Sent to internal exile
advocated human rights(nuclear physicist)
93
How many people received warnings from the KGB in the 1970s?
70,000
94
Warnings prevented the formation of how many subversive groups in the 1970s?
2000
95
Name given to illegal, self published magazine?
Samizdat
96
How many people protested against actions of Prague Spring?
7 people protested on Red Square
97
Prague Spring?
Czechoslovakia 1968
98
What Commissariat was created under Lenin to oversee the control of art & culture?
Commissariat of Enlightenment
99
Who was head of the Commissariat of Enlightenment?
Lunacharsky
100
How many artists were part of Proletkult by 1920?
84,000
101
How many studios were set up under Proletkult by 1920?
300
102
Some examples of Agitprop?
‘Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge’ 1918
Eisenstein film ‘October’ 1927
103
What year was
‘Morning of our Motherland’
by Shurpin painted in?
1949
104
What was the Cult of the Little Man?
Propaganda & art focused on the heroism of the everyday worker.
105
What year was the World Youth Festival in Moscow held?
1957
106
Brezhnev’s approach to controlling the arts?
Conservatism & action when this threatened.
107
In what year was the forceful shutting down of the ‘Bulldozer Exhibition’?
1974
108
When were men & women declared equal?
R
1918, first constitution
109
How many women fought in the Civil War?
R
70,000
110
Who was the famous Bolshevik feminist in government?
Alexandra Alliluyeva
111
How many women workers by 1940?
13 million
112
What percentage of the workforce were women by 1960?
49%
113
How many marriages resulted in divorce under Brezhnev?
1 in 3
114
Under Lenin how many pencils for every 60 students?
1 pencil only
115
What did minority groups complain about Education?
Russification
116
What were the Rabfak?
Schools for adult dropouts after Revolution
117
What was Komsomol?
Communist group for teenagers
118
When were all non-socialist newspapers banned?
1917
119
What is Pravda newspaper of?
Party
120
What is Izvestia newspaper of?
The Government
121
What was Glavlit?
Body responsible for censoring all publications.
122
Name of popular sports magazine?
Sovietskii Sport
123
When was Stalin’s famous Red Square speech broadcasted live on radio?
November 1941
124
How many TV sets in the Soviet Union by 1950?
10,000 TV
125
How many TV sets in Soviet Union by 1958?
3 million TV
126
When did Lenin officially separate the State from the Church?
1918
127
How many bishops & priests executed during Red Terror?
28 Bishops + 1000 priests
128
What percentage of peasants were still active Christians by the mid-1920s?
55%
129
How many bishops were still in liberty by 1939?
12/163
130
How many churches did Khrushchev close during his first 4 years?
10,000
131
What else did Khrushchev do in his anti-religion campaign?
Harassed priests with secret police.
132
What did the Communists do against Islam?
Most mosques closed down
133
When were internal passports introduced?
R
1932
to stop free movement
134
Party elite had special access to ... goods shops?
consumer
135
In ... peasants allowed to share garden produce to incentivise production?
R
1939
136
How many factories created between 1928 - 1937?
5,000
137
Who was Aleksey Stakhanov?
1935 'mined 102 tonnes of coal'
Became national hero
Used for propaganda
138
Glavlit?
govt. censorship office
established 1922
139
RAPW?
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
- founded 1925
- promoted 'socialist realism'
140
RAPM
Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians
141
Agitprop?
agitation & propaganda section of CC
142
How did 1917 Decree on Land affect the Church?
peasants could now take land from the Church
143
Sufi groups, living in Turkestan, had been wiped out by ... ?
1936
144
During WW2 St re-opened how many churches?
+400
145
Khr made ... a school subject?
atheism
146
Nov. 1917 elections Bolsheviks get how many votes?
25%
147
When was the tsar & family murdered?
July 17 1918
148
When did Russian Civil War start?
spring 1918
149
When was the October Revolution?
Nov. 1917
Bolshevik takeover Provisional Govt.
150
what was Proletkult?
proletarian cultural movement
151
1920 Lenin placed Proletkult under control of?
Commissariat of education
& cut funding
152
What did Lenin not like about proletkult?
too avant-garde
not controlled by Party
153
Literature example of socialist realism?
1924 Gladkov's novel `Cement'
follows workers who built cement factory
154
reformer brought into the politburo by Gorbachev?
Nikolai Ryhkov
155
Why did the government crest Soviet Nationalism?
Inspire loyalty to USSR
156
What was the initial weakness of the USSR economy?
Inefficiency in agriculture
157
By 1985, how much of the Soviet GDP was allocated to defence?
17% of GDP
158
How many joint economic venues were there by the end of 1990?
3,000
159
Which Soviet reformer put forward the 500 Days programme?
Stanislav Shatalin
160
Which was the last 5 year plan in Russia?
13th FYP
161
In the Twenty-seventh Party congress what set of priorities were adopted (select two)?
Improving socialism
Working towards democracy
162
What was the Russian name for the Moscow News?
Moskovskie Novosti
163
How many officials were murdered in the Katyn Massacre?
up to 22,000 Polish military officers & intelligentsia
164
How many informal protest groups & clubs were there by 1989?
60,000
meetings fro political reform
165
In 1988 Gorbachev set out a number of proposals, what were these proposals for?
"worker's paradise"
166
In the 1989 election, what percentage of the seats did the communists win?
80% of seats
167
Who out of the Radicals won a large percentage of the vote in Moscow?
Yeltsin
168
1989 Yeltsin won what % of votes for Moscow?
85%
169
1988 Glasnost extended to criticise Marx & ?
Lenin
170
Where did the break up of the Soviet Union start?
Eastern Europe
171
Which satellite state was the first to have a non-communist prime minister?
Poland
172
When was the fall of the Berlin Wall?
November 1989
173
Most pressing reason for resurgence in nationalism?
Glasnost
174
Which territory held an unofficial referendum to join Armenia in 1988, resulting in nationalist tension?
Nagorno-Karabakh
175
Why did the nationalist protests in Tbilisi in 1989 damage Gorbachev & the USSR?
Gorbachev sent Red Army &
19 killed
176
The growth of nationalism in which area posed the greatest threat to the USSR?
Baltic States
177
Which occurrence nearly caused civil war in January 1991?
Red Army’s occupation of Vilnius
178
In which year did Gorbachev introduce his 'Sinatra Doctrine'?
1989
179
What was the impact of the Sinatra Doctrine?
Made USSR powerless to intervene against rising nationalism in satellites & soviets republics
180
When did Estonia declare itself a sovereign state?
1988
181
When was Gorbachev's new Union Treaty, which guaranteed more autonomy to soviet republics, supposed to be signed?
August 1991
182
What did Yeltsin do to destroy Gorbachev's Union Treaty?
Agreed with 10 other republics to form a new Commonwealth of Indepeden
183
Why did the Coup of 1991 take place?
Hardliners in the CP wanted to remove Gorbachev & immediately halt his reforms
184
Why did the 1991 Coup fail?
lost support of Army
185
What was the Minsk Agreement?
Agreement between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to replace USSR with CIS
186
When did Yeltsin denounce the privileges of Party leaders & advocated a renewed focus on equality?
27th Party Congress 1986
187
What effect did Yeltsin's resignation have on Party membership?
During 1990 Party membership dropped from 19.2M to 16.5M
188
When did Yeltsin become Russian president?
1991
189
What was Zhenotdel?
women's affairs section of CP
set up 1917
190
Kulak victims?
close to 2M killed or sent to Gulag
191
During WW2 women composed how much of urban workforce?
75%
192
Status of Women & Family
Ln?
PROS
PROS: - 1918 Legal equality
- CW women conscripted to workforce + 70,000 Red Army
- Zhenotdel established
- abortion legal + divorce
193
Status of Women & Family
Ln?
CONS
CONS:
| - 1917-1928 70% divorces initiated by men
194
Status of Women & Family
St?
PROS
1. 1940 40% engineering students women
2. 800,000 women fought WW2
3. 1940 +13M women in workforce
195
Status of Women & Family
St?
CONS
1. abortion outlawed
2. divorce made expensive
3. women worked x5 more than men in domestic labour
4. Traditional family values reasserted
5. tax on single people
196
Status of Women & Family
| Khr?
1. by 1960 49% workforce women
2. abortion re-legalised 1955
3. Valentina Tareshkova 1st women in space 1963 = role model + icon
4. Furtseva 1st women in Politburo
197
Status of Women & Family
| Brezhnev?
1. 1/3 marriages ended in divorce
2. divorce made harder
3. abortion banned
4. Pronatal campaign
198
Fourth FYP?
1945-1950
88% budget went to heavy industry
80% increase in industrial output
fastest growing economy world
