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Year 12 > Communist Russia Alevel > Flashcards

Communist Russia Alevel Flashcards

1
Q

When did Stalin’s wife commit suicide?

A

1932

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2
Q

Name of state planning agency?

A

Gosplan

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3
Q

When was the first Moscow metro line opened?

A

1935 (people’s palace)

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4
Q

Harvest comparison 1921 to 1913

A

1921 harvest was 46% of 1913 harvest

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5
Q

When was the NEP introduced?

A

1921

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6
Q

Grain harvest 1920 compared to 1926?

A

1920: 46million tons
1926: 77million tons

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7
Q

When was the first FYP?

R

A

1928 - 1932

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8
Q

Second FYP?

R

A

1933 - 1937

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9
Q

Third FYP?

R

A

1938 - 1941

foused on rearmament -> 30% state budget

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10
Q

Coal production 1927 - 1940?

A

1927: 35 million tons
1940: 166 million tons

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11
Q

Oil production 1927 - 1940

A

1927: 12 million tonnes
1940: 31 million tonnes

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12
Q

Steel production 1927 - 1940

A

1927: 4 million tons
1940: 18 million tons

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13
Q

Example of poor housing under Stalin?

A

650,000 people no access to bathhouse in Liubertsy district in Moscow

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14
Q

Number of pigs slaughtered 1928 - 1934?

A

11 million

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15
Q

Russian Empire secret police?

A

Okhrana

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16
Q

How many Communist Party members 1921?

A

+700,000

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17
Q

Russian for government after 1917?

A

Sovnarkom

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18
Q

Who became Commissar of War in 1918 & made the Red Army effective & disciplined?

A

Leon Trotsky

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19
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

A

March 1918

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20
Q

What happened October 1917?

A

October Revolution: Bolsheviks seize power

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21
Q

When did Lenin ban factions?

A

1921

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22
Q

How many Mensheviks arrested 1921?

A

5000

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23
Q

Details of Brest-Litovsk Treaty?

A

Russia lost:

Baltic States, Finland, Ukraine, parts of Caucasus region

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24
Q

Number of Red Army troops by the end of Civil War?

A

5 million had served

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25
Q

What was the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

Sailors in Kronstadt naval base in 1921 rebelled against Bolsheviks.

Brutally crushed by Red Army.

Shock because these sailors had participated in Bolshevik Revolution.

2,000 executed

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26
Q

Tambov Rising?

A

1920-1921 peasant uprising in central Russia against Bolshevik grain requisitioning.

Grew in popularity.

force grew to +50,000 anti-communist fighters

brutally crushed by Red Army + 100,000 people deported to labour camps

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27
Q

What do the Tambov Rebellion & Kronstadt Mutiny suggest?

A

Growing resentment against Bolsheviks

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28
Q

Lenin’s official positions…

A

Chair of Sovnarkom

&

Politburo member

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29
Q

Communist Party organisation…

A

Politburo

^ Central Committee

^Party Congress

^Regional Communist Party

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30
Q

Key role for Stalin 1922?

A

Stalin becomes General Secretary

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31
Q

What was established in 1922?

A

USSR

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32
Q

What does the USSR stand for?

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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33
Q

Nomenklatura system?

A

System of appointing people to jobs from list approved by Party leadership.

Encouraged loyalty as promotions meant better life.

Caused corruption & nepotism

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34
Q

When was the Cheka created?

A

December 1917

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35
Q

How many did Cheka kill during Civil War?

A

200,000 people killed

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36
Q

Chitska early 1920’s how many Party members purged?

A

1/3

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37
Q

Felix Dzerzhinsky

A

Polish aristocrat

Head of Cheka

Ruthless, dedicated, single-minded

Died 1926 heart attack

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38
Q

Chitska?

A

Russian for cleansing

Usually used for purges occurred under Lenin.

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39
Q

After Lenin’s death what happened to Party leadership?

A

Collective leadership

1924-1928

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40
Q

Useful advantage of Stalin as General Secretary?

A

Access to +26,000 personal files ofParty members

+ could appoint new Party members & positions

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41
Q

Stalin’s early opponents in the Politburo?

A

Trotsky

Zinoviev

Kamenev

Bukharin

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42
Q

By 1934 secret police called?

A

NKVD

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43
Q

Chitska 1932-1935?

A

22% Party purged by 1935

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44
Q

When was the Great Terror?

A

~1934-1938

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45
Q

Military Victims of Great Terror?

A

37,000 military officers purged

3 out of 5 Marshals shot

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46
Q

Victims of purges by Stalin 1929-1939?

A

~24 million

Killed/ Gulag/ Starvation

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47
Q

When was Yezhov executed?

A

1940

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48
Q

Leningrad Affair 1949?

A

100 officials shot

2000 arrested

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49
Q

NKVD officers purged by Yezhov?

A

3000

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50
Q

Gosplan?

A

State Planning Authority

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51
Q

Decree on Land date?

A

1917

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52
Q

War Communism dates?

A

1918-1921

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53
Q

How many people died due to the famine caused by War Communism?

A

6 million people in rural areas

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54
Q

What happened with grain & coal production in NEP?

A

Doubled

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55
Q

By how much did industrial production grow during NEP?

A

Roughly 10 times

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56
Q

What replaced NEP & when?

A

Stalin’s Great Turn, 1928

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57
Q

What were the collective farms called?

A

Kolkhoz

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58
Q

What replaced the ‘Mir’, the decision-making elders, in the countryside due to collectivisation?

A

Party representatives (commissars) who controlled the collectives

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59
Q

What percentage of peasant households had been collectivised by the late 1930s?

A

90%

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60
Q

How many tractors sent to the MTS by 1933?

A

100,000

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61
Q

When did livestock numbers finally recover after the first years of collectivisation?

R

A

Late 1940s

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62
Q

Ukrainian famine 1932-1933?

A

Holodomor famine

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63
Q

How many Collective farms shared one MTS?

A

About 40

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64
Q

What were the Stakhnovites?

A

Propaganda movement promoting hardworking & productive workers.

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65
Q

What was an effect of war economy 1941-1945?

A

Grain production fell by 2/3

Oil production fell by 1/3

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66
Q

What was the USSR’s biggest export 1930s?

A

Grain

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67
Q

What did Kirov criticise at the Congress of Victors 1934?

A

The quick rate of collectivisation.

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68
Q

How many people moved from rural to urban due to Stalin’s economic policies?

A

14 million

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69
Q

How many villages destroyed WW2?

A

70,000

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70
Q

Successes of the three FYP of 1930s?

A

By 1941 USSR overtakes Britain & Germany in industrial production.

Coal production increases by 600%

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71
Q

What did fourth & fifth FYP focus on after WW2?

A

Reconstruction & reconversion

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72
Q

How many people used to construct the Belomor Canal in 1931-1932 & how many died?

A

180,000 used as slave labour

10,000 died

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73
Q

Magnitogorsk population increased from 25 people in 1929 to …

A

250,000 by mid 1930s

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74
Q

How many people were released from Gulag camps between 1953-1960?

A

2 million

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75
Q

How much did Party membership increase between 1954-1964?

A

From 7M to 11M

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76
Q

“An iron fist in a velvet glove”

?

A

Khrushchev

  • Suppression Hungarian Revolt
  • Building Berlin Wall
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77
Q

Year of Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

1962

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78
Q

Year of Hungarian Revolt?

A

1956

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79
Q

Yagoda was head of the NKVD from…

A

1934-1936

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80
Q

Main action taken by Yagoda as head of NKVD?

A

Expansion of Gulag system

81
Q

Yezhov was in charge of NKVD from…?

A

1936-1938

82
Q

Name of NKVD execution & judgement squads used by Yezhov?

A

Troikas

83
Q

Who was the chief executioner of the NKVD during the 1930s?

A

Vasily Blokhin

84
Q

During the Yezhovchina how many people were arrested?

A

10% of adult male pop

85
Q

Beria was head of the NKVD from…?

A

1938-1953

86
Q

What additional important position was Beria put in charge 1945?

A

Soviet nuclear program

87
Q

Gulag economic output 1937?

A

2 billion roubles

88
Q

Gulag economic output 1940 thanks to Beria?

A

4.5 billion roubles

89
Q

Who were the dissidents?

A

Citizens who refused to conform to expectations of Soviet government.

90
Q

Andropov was head of the KGB from…?

A

1967-1982

91
Q

Which famous work did Pasternak produce in 1950s?

A

Doctor Zhivago

Not allowed to be published in USSR

92
Q

What happened to Sakharov eventually?

A

Sent to internal exile

advocated human rights(nuclear physicist)

93
Q

How many people received warnings from the KGB in the 1970s?

A

70,000

94
Q

Warnings prevented the formation of how many subversive groups in the 1970s?

A

2000

95
Q

Name given to illegal, self published magazine?

A

Samizdat

96
Q

How many people protested against actions of Prague Spring?

A

7 people protested on Red Square

97
Q

Prague Spring?

A

Czechoslovakia 1968

98
Q

What Commissariat was created under Lenin to oversee the control of art & culture?

A

Commissariat of Enlightenment

99
Q

Who was head of the Commissariat of Enlightenment?

A

Lunacharsky

100
Q

How many artists were part of Proletkult by 1920?

A

84,000

101
Q

How many studios were set up under Proletkult by 1920?

A

300

102
Q

Some examples of Agitprop?

A

‘Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge’ 1918

Eisenstein film ‘October’ 1927

103
Q

What year was

‘Morning of our Motherland’
by Shurpin painted in?

A

1949

104
Q

What was the Cult of the Little Man?

A

Propaganda & art focused on the heroism of the everyday worker.

105
Q

What year was the World Youth Festival in Moscow held?

A

1957

106
Q

Brezhnev’s approach to controlling the arts?

A

Conservatism & action when this threatened.

107
Q

In what year was the forceful shutting down of the ‘Bulldozer Exhibition’?

A

1974

108
Q

When were men & women declared equal?

R

A

1918, first constitution

109
Q

How many women fought in the Civil War?

R

A

70,000

110
Q

Who was the famous Bolshevik feminist in government?

A

Alexandra Alliluyeva

111
Q

How many women workers by 1940?

A

13 million

112
Q

What percentage of the workforce were women by 1960?

A

49%

113
Q

How many marriages resulted in divorce under Brezhnev?

A

1 in 3

114
Q

Under Lenin how many pencils for every 60 students?

A

1 pencil only

115
Q

What did minority groups complain about Education?

A

Russification

116
Q

What were the Rabfak?

A

Schools for adult dropouts after Revolution

117
Q

What was Komsomol?

A

Communist group for teenagers

118
Q

When were all non-socialist newspapers banned?

A

1917

119
Q

What is Pravda newspaper of?

A

Party

120
Q

What is Izvestia newspaper of?

A

The Government

121
Q

What was Glavlit?

A

Body responsible for censoring all publications.

122
Q

Name of popular sports magazine?

A

Sovietskii Sport

123
Q

When was Stalin’s famous Red Square speech broadcasted live on radio?

A

November 1941

124
Q

How many TV sets in the Soviet Union by 1950?

A

10,000 TV

125
Q

How many TV sets in Soviet Union by 1958?

A

3 million TV

126
Q

When did Lenin officially separate the State from the Church?

A

1918

127
Q

How many bishops & priests executed during Red Terror?

A

28 Bishops + 1000 priests

128
Q

What percentage of peasants were still active Christians by the mid-1920s?

A

55%

129
Q

How many bishops were still in liberty by 1939?

A

12/163

130
Q

How many churches did Khrushchev close during his first 4 years?

A

10,000

131
Q

What else did Khrushchev do in his anti-religion campaign?

A

Harassed priests with secret police.

132
Q

What did the Communists do against Islam?

A

Most mosques closed down

133
Q

When were internal passports introduced?

R

A

1932

to stop free movement

134
Q

Party elite had special access to … goods shops?

A

consumer

135
Q

In … peasants allowed to share garden produce to incentivise production?

R

A

1939

136
Q

How many factories created between 1928 - 1937?

A

5,000

137
Q

Who was Aleksey Stakhanov?

A

1935 ‘mined 102 tonnes of coal’

Became national hero

Used for propaganda

138
Q

Glavlit?

A

govt. censorship office

established 1922

139
Q

RAPW?

A

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers

  • founded 1925
  • promoted ‘socialist realism’
140
Q

RAPM

A

Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians

141
Q

Agitprop?

A

agitation & propaganda section of CC

142
Q

How did 1917 Decree on Land affect the Church?

A

peasants could now take land from the Church

143
Q

Sufi groups, living in Turkestan, had been wiped out by … ?

A

1936

144
Q

During WW2 St re-opened how many churches?

A

+400

145
Q

Khr made … a school subject?

A

atheism

146
Q

Nov. 1917 elections Bolsheviks get how many votes?

A

25%

147
Q

When was the tsar & family murdered?

A

July 17 1918

148
Q

When did Russian Civil War start?

A

spring 1918

149
Q

When was the October Revolution?

A

Nov. 1917

Bolshevik takeover Provisional Govt.

150
Q

what was Proletkult?

A

proletarian cultural movement

151
Q

1920 Lenin placed Proletkult under control of?

A

Commissariat of education

& cut funding

152
Q

What did Lenin not like about proletkult?

A

too avant-garde

not controlled by Party

153
Q

Literature example of socialist realism?

A

1924 Gladkov’s novel `Cement’

follows workers who built cement factory

154
Q

reformer brought into the politburo by Gorbachev?

A

Nikolai Ryhkov

155
Q

Why did the government crest Soviet Nationalism?

A

Inspire loyalty to USSR

156
Q

What was the initial weakness of the USSR economy?

A

Inefficiency in agriculture

157
Q

By 1985, how much of the Soviet GDP was allocated to defence?

A

17% of GDP

158
Q

How many joint economic venues were there by the end of 1990?

A

3,000

159
Q

Which Soviet reformer put forward the 500 Days programme?

A

Stanislav Shatalin

160
Q

Which was the last 5 year plan in Russia?

A

13th FYP

161
Q

In the Twenty-seventh Party congress what set of priorities were adopted (select two)?

A

Improving socialism

Working towards democracy

162
Q

What was the Russian name for the Moscow News?

A

Moskovskie Novosti

163
Q

How many officials were murdered in the Katyn Massacre?

A

up to 22,000 Polish military officers & intelligentsia

164
Q

How many informal protest groups & clubs were there by 1989?

A

60,000

meetings fro political reform

165
Q

In 1988 Gorbachev set out a number of proposals, what were these proposals for?

A

“worker’s paradise”

166
Q

In the 1989 election, what percentage of the seats did the communists win?

A

80% of seats

167
Q

Who out of the Radicals won a large percentage of the vote in Moscow?

A

Yeltsin

168
Q

1989 Yeltsin won what % of votes for Moscow?

A

85%

169
Q

1988 Glasnost extended to criticise Marx & ?

A

Lenin

170
Q

Where did the break up of the Soviet Union start?

A

Eastern Europe

171
Q

Which satellite state was the first to have a non-communist prime minister?

A

Poland

172
Q

When was the fall of the Berlin Wall?

A

November 1989

173
Q

Most pressing reason for resurgence in nationalism?

A

Glasnost

174
Q

Which territory held an unofficial referendum to join Armenia in 1988, resulting in nationalist tension?

A

Nagorno-Karabakh

175
Q

Why did the nationalist protests in Tbilisi in 1989 damage Gorbachev & the USSR?

A

Gorbachev sent Red Army &

19 killed

176
Q

The growth of nationalism in which area posed the greatest threat to the USSR?

A

Baltic States

177
Q

Which occurrence nearly caused civil war in January 1991?

A

Red Army’s occupation of Vilnius

178
Q

In which year did Gorbachev introduce his ‘Sinatra Doctrine’?

A

1989

179
Q

What was the impact of the Sinatra Doctrine?

A

Made USSR powerless to intervene against rising nationalism in satellites & soviets republics

180
Q

When did Estonia declare itself a sovereign state?

A

1988

181
Q

When was Gorbachev’s new Union Treaty, which guaranteed more autonomy to soviet republics, supposed to be signed?

A

August 1991

182
Q

What did Yeltsin do to destroy Gorbachev’s Union Treaty?

A

Agreed with 10 other republics to form a new Commonwealth of Indepeden

183
Q

Why did the Coup of 1991 take place?

A

Hardliners in the CP wanted to remove Gorbachev & immediately halt his reforms

184
Q

Why did the 1991 Coup fail?

A

lost support of Army

185
Q

What was the Minsk Agreement?

A

Agreement between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to replace USSR with CIS

186
Q

When did Yeltsin denounce the privileges of Party leaders & advocated a renewed focus on equality?

A

27th Party Congress 1986

187
Q

What effect did Yeltsin’s resignation have on Party membership?

A

During 1990 Party membership dropped from 19.2M to 16.5M

188
Q

When did Yeltsin become Russian president?

A

1991

189
Q

What was Zhenotdel?

A

women’s affairs section of CP

set up 1917

190
Q

Kulak victims?

A

close to 2M killed or sent to Gulag

191
Q

During WW2 women composed how much of urban workforce?

A

75%

192
Q

Status of Women & Family
Ln?
PROS

A

PROS: - 1918 Legal equality

  • CW women conscripted to workforce + 70,000 Red Army
  • Zhenotdel established
  • abortion legal + divorce
193
Q

Status of Women & Family
Ln?
CONS

A

CONS:

- 1917-1928 70% divorces initiated by men

194
Q

Status of Women & Family
St?
PROS

A
  1. 1940 40% engineering students women
  2. 800,000 women fought WW2
  3. 1940 +13M women in workforce
195
Q

Status of Women & Family
St?
CONS

A
  1. abortion outlawed
  2. divorce made expensive
  3. women worked x5 more than men in domestic labour
  4. Traditional family values reasserted
  5. tax on single people
196
Q

Status of Women & Family

Khr?

A
  1. by 1960 49% workforce women
  2. abortion re-legalised 1955
  3. Valentina Tareshkova 1st women in space 1963 = role model + icon
  4. Furtseva 1st women in Politburo
197
Q

Status of Women & Family

Brezhnev?

A
  1. 1/3 marriages ended in divorce
  2. divorce made harder
  3. abortion banned
  4. Pronatal campaign
198
Q

Fourth FYP?

A

1945-1950
88% budget went to heavy industry

80% increase in industrial output
fastest growing economy world

Year 12 (7 decks)

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