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Year 12 > Collapse USSR > Flashcards

Collapse USSR Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Long term economic problems of the USSR
A

Central planning.

atmosphere of fear under St, failed reforms Khrushchev, stagnation under Brezhnev

Lack of failure & investment

Huge military expenditure (18% GDP during 1980s)

Low productivity (social contract)

Inefficient agriculture

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2
Q
  1. Rationalisation policies 1985-86
A

Attempt to make Soviet economy more efficient

No large scale reform

Appointed economic advisors & like minded reformers eg. Yeltsin

campaign against alcoholism

12th FYP focusing on investment & production through central planning

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3
Q
  1. Early failures/problems?
A

‘Superministries’ resisted by Bolshevik Old Guard & military

Increase in budget deficit: over 6% GDP by 1986

War in Afghanistan + Star Wars Programme= higher expenditure

Decline in oil price

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4
Q
  1. Perestroika 1987-1990
A

Law on individual economic activity, undermining central planning

Encouragement of joint ventures

Law on State enterprises

Legalisation of co-operatives

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5
Q
  1. Failures of market reform
A

Undermined central planning

Shortages, hoarding & rationing

Products diverted from state shops to co-operatives

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6
Q
  1. Transformation 1990-1991
A

Tried to introduce a market economy in 500 days

Allowed & aimed for privatisation of economy

Eventually slowed down reforms

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7
Q
  1. Problems of Transformation
A

Market economy was an unattainable goal for such short period of time

Decline in economy due to bankruptcy in government

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8
Q
  1. Glasnost, 1986-88
A

‘Openness’

Liberalisation of media; increased criticism as a result

Archives opened 1991: Stalin Purges, Katyn massacre, Gulag

More intellectual freedom

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9
Q
  1. Political effects of Glasnost
A

Allowed increase of nationalism in satellite states

Opened up debate in Party; freedom of speech

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10
Q
  1. Democratisation reforms
A

Shift power from Party to State

Republic elections 1990

Reforms of 19th Party Conference led to multi party elections where radicals like Yeltsin gained positions

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11
Q
  1. Problems caused by democratisation
A

After 1990 elections, Democratic groups did well in Moscow & Leningrad

Therefore weakening of CP

Nationalists used elections to campaign for more independence

Formation of opposition (Inter-Regional Deputies Group led by Yeltsin)

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12
Q
  1. Examples of growing nationalist unrest
A

Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan organised an illegal referendum to join Armenia 1988

Baltic states: Mass democratisation in 1989 & popular fronts winning majorities in elections 1990

Tibilisi Massacre Georgia 1989: Soviet troops kill 19 people

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13
Q
  1. Consequences of Nationalism in EE
A

Democratisation: Nationalists able to organise + hold elections

Repeal of Brezhnev Doctrine 1989: gave nationalists freedom to act

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14
Q

When was the Brezhnev Doctrine abandoned?

A

1989

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15
Q
  1. Reasons for the Coup

4

A

Led by Party hardliners who didn’t support G’s Union Treaty (9+1 agreement)

Emergency committee headed by 8 senior communists

Wanted to stop the breakup of USSR & restore law & order

Way to remove Gorbachev from power

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16
Q
  1. Consequences of the Coup
A

Failure of the Emergency Committee: coup collapsed 21st August due to lack of military support

Yeltsin called general strike & headed resistance to coup

Enhanced authority of Yeltsin: seen as defender of democracy

Gorbachev’s power undermined

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17
Q
  1. Role of Yeltsin
A

Chair of Russia’s parliament: “War of Laws”

Clear & popular advocate for reform

Used Russian nationalism to undermine USSR

Promoted middle-ranking reformist officials

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18
Q
  1. Gorbachev’s misjudgments
A

Inconsistencies in his objectives, especially economic reform

Political & economic reform at same time & fast caused instability

Pushed democratisation yet remained unelected

Failed to anticipate effects of Glasnost: undermined CP

Failed to win over CP: no solid support base

Loss of personal authority: little support + Yeltsin undermined him

Outmanouvred by Yeltsin after Coup

19
Q

When did Yeltsin denounce the privileges of Party leaders & advocated a renewed focus on equality?

A

27th Party Congress 1986

20
Q

When did Yeltsin become Russian president?

A

1991

21
Q

What effect did Yeltsin’s resignation have on Party membership?

A

During 1990 Party membership dropped from 19.2M to 16.5M

22
Q

When was Gorbachev’s new Union Treaty, which guaranteed more autonomy to soviet republics, supposed to be signed?

A

August 1991

23
Q

When did Estonia declare itself a sovereign state?

A

1988

24
Q

What was the impact of the Sinatra Doctrine?

A

Made USSR powerless to intervene against rising nationalism in satellites & soviets republics

25
Q

In which year did Gorbachev introduce his ‘Sinatra Doctrine’?

A

1989

26
Q

Which occurrence nearly caused civil war in January 1991?

A

Red Army’s occupation of Vilnius

27
Q

The growth of nationalism in which area posed the greatest threat to the USSR?

A

Baltic States

28
Q

Why did the nationalist protests in Tbilisi in 1989 damage Gorbachev & the USSR?

A

Gorbachev sent Red Army &

19 killed

29
Q

Which territory held an unofficial referendum to join Armenia in 1988, resulting in nationalist tension?

A

Nagorno-Karabakh

30
Q

Most pressing reason for resurgence in nationalism?

A

Glasnost

31
Q

When was the fall of the Berlin Wall?

A

Nov. 1989

32
Q

Which satellite state was the first to have a non-communist prime minister?

A

Poland

33
Q

1988 Glasnost extended to criticise Marx & ?

A

LENIN

34
Q

1989 Yeltsin won what % of votes for Moscow?

A

85%

35
Q

In the 1989 election, what percentage of the seats did the communists win?

A

80% of seats

36
Q

By 1985, how much of the Soviet GDP was allocated to defence?

A

17% of GDP

37
Q

How many joint economic venues were there by the end of 1990?

A

3,000

38
Q

How many informal protest groups & clubs were there by 1989?

A

60,000

meetings for political reform

39
Q

1986 Gosplan estimated that … % of machinery was never used?

A

12% !

ECONOMIC WASTE

40
Q

American farms employing a fraction of pop compared to USSR were … times more productive than Soviet fairs?

A

x6

41
Q

Enterprises were still subject to state interference…

A

state decided on the allocation of materials

42
Q

Foreign companies keen to invest in USSR were faced with…

A

endless bureaucracy that made progress slow

43
Q

By 1984 oil & gas exports accounted to…

A

54% of Soviet exports

44
Q

When was Article 6 repealed?

A

1990

Year 12 (7 decks)

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