CHINA Alevel Flashcards
Sources things to include?
Provinence Content Knowledge Limitation Together Conclusion
Number of LittleRedBook copies?
750 million copies
How many CC members purged during Cultural Revolution?
2/3 of CC members purged
Purging of Regional party secretaries during Cultural Revolution?
2/3 Regional Party Secretaries purged
Production levels in China during Cultural Revolution?
Production decreased 13% in 1967
Cultural destruction during Cultural Revolution?
Over 7 million books lost or destroyed
Important cultural place destroyed during Cultural Revolution?
Confucius Shangdong Temple
Great Leap Forward dates?
1958-1962
When does Mao proclaim the People’s Republic of China (PRC)?
October 1949
Chinese Civil War dates?
1946-1949
Last Chinese imperial dynasty?
Qing dynasty
1644-1911
Korean War dates?
October 1950 - July 1953
Campaign launched March 1950?
Campaign to Suppress Counter-Revolutionary Campaign
Chinese Atomic bomb development?
First successful test 1964
When are communes formed?
1958
Important treaty February 1950?
Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty 1950
Great Leap Forward famine numbers?
~40million people starved
What happened during 1962-1965?
Liu & Deng economic reform
Factory output levels 1949?
44% below 1937 level
Railway destruction by 1949?
Half railway network destroyed
1949 CCP members?
4.5 million
Number CCP increase 1949-1952?
3 million
1950 Shanghai’s industrial workers still in private enterprises?
75%
What happened in September 1949?
Chinese People’s Consultative Conference meets to outline future political system
What is the CPPCC?
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
When does terror against rivals begin?
1950
When is the
‘Three antis campaign’
Launched?
1951
When is the
‘Five antis-campaign’
Launched?
1952
When did Chiang flee to Taiwan?
December 1949
From whom did the Communists gain support during the War?
Peasantry
Respected land & didn’t loot
What was the United Front?
GMD & CCP alliance to defeat Japan in 1937.
Common enemy
% of peasants to pop
80% pop= peasants
What was the state of China’s currency by 1949?
HYPERINFLATION
In 1949 inflation rate stood at…
1000%
War with Japan deaths?
20 million
What was the Common Program?
New constitution by CPPCC.
Updated in 1954
Common Program gave PLA & police right to…
Suppress all counter-revolutionary activity
1954 Constitution?
China officially confirmed Communist.
CCP gained all legal control.
Leader of PLA 1950s?
Peng Dehuai
PLA power 1950?
5 million strong
40% State budget
Mao’s main ideas?
- Nationalism
- Continuing Revolution
- Mass/active mobilisation
PLA annual conscription?
800,000 young men
3 year term
Reunification campaigns
1949-1950?
- Guangdong
- Xinjiang
- Tibet
Main ethnic group China?
Han
Forced labour camps?
Laogai
Number of Laogai prisoners 1953?
2 million
Laogai network economic gain?
- 700 million yuan in industrial products annually
* 350,000 tonnes of grain annually
What was the
Three Antis Campaign ?
Mao called for ‘big clean up throughout Party’ 1951
- corruption
- waste
- obstructionist bureaucracy in government
What was the
Five Antis Campaign
?
Remove possible opponents & seize control economic assets
What did the
Five Antis Campaign target?
- bribery
- tax evasion
- theft of state property
- cheating government contracts
- stealing state economic information
What percentage of Shanghai’s businessmen were found guilty of ‘five poisons’?
99%
What was the
Hundred Flowers Campaign?
Allowed intellectuals to criticise Mao to later be purged.
1956
How many intellectuals sent to laogai during
Anti Rightist Campaign?
+500,000
Chinese deaths Korean War?
400,000 soldiers
What was the 1950 Agrarian Reform Law?
Redistribute land to the peasants
By what year had all businesses been nationalised?
C
1956
How many Landlords killed by land redistribution?
Roughly 2 million
1951 first step towards collectivisation…?
Mutual Aid Teams
Grouping families together
Second step towards collectivisation? 1952
(Voluntary)
Agricultural Producers Co-operatives
MAT’s??
Mutual Aid Teams
When were MAT’s set up?
1951
APC’s
Agricultural Production Co-operatives
When are APC’s set up?
1952
How many families in a APC?
40 families
First FYP?
C
1953
When were HAPC’s formed?
1955
Number of families HAPC’s?
+200 families
Percentage of farmers collectivised 1956?
90%
When were the communes set up?
1958
Name of first commune?
Sputnik Commune
Number of communes set up?
26,000
How many households in a Commune?
5000+
Deaths of famine GLF?
Up to 40 million deaths
Four pests campaign 1958?
Attacked:
Sparrows, rats, flies, mosquitoes
4 reasons for famine GLP?
1) inherent problems with system
2) Lysenko farming techniques
3) backyard furnaces manpower
4) Flooding/ draught
Coal production first FYP?
90% increase
Steel production first FYP?
C
300% increase
Electric power production first FYP?
160% increase
When was the Second FYP?
1958-1962
What is the Second FYP referred as?
Great Leap Forward
Industrial production increase First FYP?
C
18% increase
‘Walking on two legs’
?
Increase
Agriculture & Industry
At the same time
1962 industrial production decrease to pre- GLF levels?
40%
Number of pigs 1962 compared to pre-GLF levels?
Halved
Lushan Conference year?
1959
What was the Lushan Conference?
Party meeting about the second FYP
Why was Peng Dehuai imprisoned & tortured?
Writing a letter to Mao about the famine situation
When did Lin Biao replace Peng as Defence Minister?
1959
How many major plants were to be built in the first FYP?
700 major plants
How many major plants were supplied by the Soviet Union in the first FYP?
150
How many Chinese sent to Soviet Union for training?
28,000
How many Soviet advisers sent to China?
11,000
Who was Liu Shaoqi?
- deputy chairman of CCP
- 2nd in Politburo
- died 1969 denied medical treatment after tourture
Who was Zhou Enlai
- Prime Minister
- Foreign Minister
- 3rd in Politburo
- died 1976
How much was urban heavy industry the budget of the first FYP in China?
88% of budget
What sort of things were expected to be contributed in APCs?
• land, labour, tools, animals
By spring 1956 how many peasant households had been collectivised?
92%
How many backyard steel furnaces were set up?
750,000
By the end of 1958 how many people worked on the furnaces?
100 million
When the Yellow river bust its banks in 1960 how many people died?
Estimated 2 million
- drowning or loss of crops
Lack of rain in 1960 affected how much of cultivated land?
Half
With the pragmatist after GLF what did they do to many construction projects?
Thousands of construction projects cancelled
With the pragmatist after GLF how many peasants sent back to countryside?
20 million for agriculture
How many badges bearing the leaders face were made?
+ 2 billion badges
Between 1950 to 1952 total agricultural production increased at a rate of … per annum?
15%
Some problems to 1950 Agrarian Reform?
- land organised by clans
2. areas where CCP low influence, eg. South
Agrarian Reform Law 43% land redistributed to … % of pop?
60% of pop
how many households did HAPCs comprise?
+200 households
by what year did agriculture production levels recover from GLF?
1965
Soviet loan for first FYP?
300 million USD
When did Mao famously swim in Yangtze?
July 1966
when was the new Marriage Law introduced?
1950
Chinese women subject to traditional ‘three obediences’?
- to father when young
- husband when married
- to son at old age
1950 Marriage Law basics?
- women got equal legal rights as men => hold property + divorce
- no dowries + women had to 18+
- women had free will to marry or not
By 1960s only … % of marriages were organised by parents?
less than 1%
By 1978 … % of schools composed by girls?
45%
Mao orders “Bombard HQ”?
August 1966
What ‘Four Olds’ did Lin Biao attack during CR?
. old ideas
. old culture
. old customs
. old habits
What things were changed during CR?
Street names changed to more revolutionary
Red stop light became green
New fashion
Destroy cultural heritage
How many houses confiscated Shanghai during CR?
250,000
By late 1960s how many people purged by CR?
12 RG
up to 7M people killed or sent to re-education camps
12M RG
When does PLA intervene during CR?
1968 as RedG take military arsenals eg. Wuhan
“Gang of Four” rule with MAO.
Imprisoned after Mao’s death & blamed for excesses of CR
what was the “Gang of Four” responsible for?
- ruling with Mao
- orchestrating new culture
How many women took advantage of new divorce law?
1M women
The All-China Women’s federation had …?
40,000 staff in 83 different cities
Health care spending, bequeathed by Nationalist, never rose … ?
2.6% of state budget up to 1956
1950 Agrarian Reform Law: how many landlords executed?
1-2M
1950 Agrarian Reform Law: % of households that took part in landlord killing?
88% of households
agricultural production growth 1950-1952?
15% per annum
MAT’s?
MUTUAL AID TEAMS 1951
- voluntary
- 10 or fewer households
- households shared tools & labour
- by 1952 40% households part of an MAT
APC’s?
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS CO-OPERATIVES 1953
- voluntary at start: 30-50 households
- local Party officials reorganised land & took quota of harvest
- at first only 14% peasants joined
- then forced to join => 1956 96% peasants part of an APC
- production stagnated
Private ownership was abandoned in …?
1956
How many households comprised an HAPC?
200-300
In … a quarter of all criminal cases involved rape?
1952
Education China?
1949-1957: primary school children students doubled + University enrolments x4 + min-pan schools run by peasants in every village
1955=Pinyin standard alphabet
Cons: lack of funding + urban/rural divide
Health provision?
PATRIOTIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN
1st FYP= 800 modern hospitals
Cadres teaching helped
1949-65 professional doctors x3
Life expectancy 37 to 57
