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Respiratory > Communication Between Immune Cells > Flashcards

Communication Between Immune Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines function

A

Mediate communication between cells of the immune system
Bind to specific receptors on target cells
Generally soluble

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2
Q

How do cytokines work?

A

Inducing stimulus causes cytokine-producing cell to produce cytokines
Cytokines bind to receptor on target cell
Gene activation
Leads to desired biological effects

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3
Q

What is autocrine action of cytokines?

A

Cytokines produced and bind to receptor on same cell

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4
Q

What is paracrine action of cytokines?

A

Cytokines produced and bind to receptor on nearby cell

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5
Q

What is endocrine action of cytokines?

A

Cytokines produced
Enter circulation
Bind to receptor on distant cell

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6
Q

Define pleitropy (cytokines)

A

One cytokines has several different functions

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7
Q

Define redundancy (cytokines)

A

Several cytokines can perform same function

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8
Q

Define synergy (cytokines)

A

Cytokines work together

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9
Q

Define antagonism (cytokines)

A

Cytokines inhibit action of other cytokines

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10
Q

Which cells produce the majority of cytokines?

A

T helper cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

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11
Q

Describe T cells

A

Part of adaptive immune response
Mature in thymus and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue
Express T cell receptors which recognise processed antigens present on surface of APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
Differentiate into CD4+ TH cells or CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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12
Q

TH1 cell function

A

Recognises complex of peptide antigen with MHC class 2 and activates macrophage

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13
Q

TH2 cell function

A

Recognises complex of peptide antigen with MHC class 2 and activates B cell

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14
Q

What drives T helper cell differentiation?

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

List 5 types of cytokines

A

Interleukins (IL)
Tumour necrosis factors (TNF)
Interferons (IFN)
Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
Chemokines

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16
Q

Where do interleukins act?

A

Between leukocytes

17
Q

IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 function

A

Pro-inflammatory (also TNF alpha)

18
Q

IL-10 and IL-4 function

A

Anti-inflammatory (also TGF beta)

19
Q

IL-2 function

A

T cell proliferation and differentiation

20
Q

IL-4 function

A

B cell activation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (Ig class switching)

21
Q

IL-5 function

A

Activation of eosinophils

22
Q

Describe type 1interferons and how they work

A

First line of defence in viral infections
Interferon alpha and beta
Up-regulation of MHC class 1 presentation
Activation of cytotoxic CD8 response
Destruction of viral RNA
Inhibition of protein synthesis

23
Q

Describe type 2 interferons and how they work

A

Interferon gamma
Key cytokines in TH1 immune response
Activation of macrophages
Up-regulation of MHC expression
Clearance of intracellular pathogens

24
Q

How do colony-stimulating factors work and name 3 subtypes

A

Mediate growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes in the bone marrow

M-CSF = macrophage CSF
G-CSF = granulocyte CSF
GM-CSF = macrophage/granulocyte CSF

25
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Cell movement directed by soluble factors

26
Q

What are chemokines and what do they do?

A

Small cytokines
Induce movement of leukocytes along concentration gradient

27
Q

Effect of cytokine storm on body

A

Dilation of blood vessels
Leakage of fluid into body tissues
Perturbation of blood supply
Tissue injury
Widespread blood clotting
Organ failure

28
Q

Symptoms of cytokines storm

A

Fever
Circulatory collapse
DIC
haemorrhaging necrosis
Multiple organ failure

29
Q

How is type 2 diabetes related to cytokines?

A

Expression of TNF alpha by adipose tissue of obese individuals
Decreased cellular response to insulin and glucose uptake

30
Q

How is cancer related to cytokines?

A

IL-6 over-expression in most types of tumours
Enhanced proliferation, angiogenesis, invasive need and metastasis
Increased metabolism —> cachexia

31
Q

Risks of medications that reduce cytokines activity

A

Increased risk of infection and malignancy

32
Q

Risk of very short half life of cytokines in medications

A

Frequent administration

33
Q

Risk of pleiotropic action of cytokines in medications

A

Unpredictable and severe side effects

Respiratory (32 decks)

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