Communication Flashcards
What are the parts of a Message Pyramid?
- Key Message
- First Proof Layer
- Second Proof Layer
What is a Key Message?
- long-lasting and consistent statement, regardless of the situation
- create an environment and belief system among your key audiences
- top layer of a Message Pyramid
What is a proof layer? What is the difference between the first proof layer and second proof layer?
- proof points that back up a key message
- first - factual statement about the benefits of planning
- second - amplifies the first point using a “startling statistic, anecdote, endorsement of planning from an allied group, or an amplification of the core statement”
Bridging
- technique to reframe controversial issues
- respond to opponents while recasting how the issue is viewed
- use transitional phrases to stay on message when asked a question that could take you off topic
What are the desirable characteristics of an infographic?
- concise
- innovative
- engaging
- easy to understand
Approximately what percent of Americans have smartphones?
81%
Approximately what percent of adults do not have broadband at home?
27%
Approximately what percent of US residents (over the age of 5) have limited english?
9%
Approximately what percent of US residents (over 5) cannot read a newspaper (due to sight impairment and other reasons)?
19%
Design Charette
- intensive collaboration of citizens, stakeholders, and staff
- goal: detailed design plan for a specific area
- held over 1 or more days
- effective for quickly developing consensus
Typically small groups are formed with each focusing on a design solution. Each group has a facilitator (typically a design professional).
Delphi Method/Technique
- structured public participation
- goal: consesus decision
- Panel of selected, informed stakeholders and citizens complete a series of questionanaires, often written as hypotheses.
- After each round, feedback on responses is presented to the group anonymously.
- Participants are encouraged to revise their answers based on replies heard.
- Over time, range of answers decreases, converging toward a single solution.
Created in 1944 for the Air Force.
Nominal Group Technique
- group process (groups of any size)
- problem identification, solution generation, and decision making
- goal: come to a decision by vote
- List of ideas generated as every group member briefly shares ideas (duplicates removed)
- Participants rank the solutions
- Rankings are discussed, leading to further ideas or combination of ideas
- Solution with the highest rank is selected
Facilitation
- led by person with no direct stake in the outcome
- goal: help disagreeing groups work together to solve complex problems and come to consensus
- facilitator is often a volunteer from community that is respected by all groups
- professional facilitators can also be hired
Mediation
- goal: dispute resolution
- neutral third party facilitates
- structured, multi-state process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement
- assists both parties in identifying and articulating interests and priorities
- agreements typically specify measurable, achievable, and realistic solutions
- final agreement often in writing
- resolve conflict without involving court system
What public participation method is best for helping a large group come to a consensus?
Delphi method
What public participation method is best to help a group come to a decision by vote?
Nominal Group Technique
What public participation method is best to help disagreeing parties come to a consensus?
facilitation
What public participation method is best to resolve disputes between parties without involving the court system?
mediation
Public hearing
- usually associated with a governing body (plan commission, city council, etc)
- allow formal citizen input at the end of the planning process
- often mandated by law
- ineffective at building public participation and consensus
Visual Preference Survey
- evaluate physical images of natural and built environments
- citizens view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures
- aggregated scores determine resident preferences
What public participation method can identify public design preferences?
visual preference survey
What public participation method can develop a detailed design plan?
Design Charrette
Brainstorming
- informal approach
- gather input on initial project stages or to determine goals
- small internal group setting
Coffee Klatch
informal gathering at a neighbor’s house
Planning cell
randomly selected group of participants who collaborate on developing solutions to a given issue
Process Evaluation
- collecting data in the planning and implementation phases
- beginning and throughout engagement process
data can include frequency and content of planning meetings, inclusiveness of process, and diversity/representativeness of planners
Outcome Evaluation
- assesses change resulting from community engagement
- To what extent are people in the community engaged?
- collecting individual or community-level changes in how people engage with each other
- end of engagement process
can be change in the way people engage with each other or change resulting from their engagement
Impact Evaluation
- seeks to establish evidence of causality
- random assignment of participants, control group, intervention group
- more challenging and expensive
- to what extent can a community change be attributed to community engagement
to conduct it effectively you need a long-standing community engagement program with a lot of data already collected, previous evaluations, significant time, and financial and human capacity to conduct the evaluation.
Ripple Effect Mapping
- engage key stakeholders in assessing the impact of community engagement
- participants look back over a period of time
- create a visual map of direct or indirect impacts of community engagement
What are the principles of authentic engagement?
- equitable
- inclusive
- connected to decision-making
- connected to change
Chloropleth Map
- divide an area into geographic features and color the features based on data
- size of region should be roughly similar
- best to use data controlled for size (such as percentages)
example: map showing % of minority residents in each census tract
Dot Density Map
- distribute dots that represent information in the location where the data is located
- can be precise with exact locations or distribute randomly within an area
- better able to show raw data because distribution of dots helps control for different geographical sizes
example: map where each dot reprensents one traffic accident location
Cartogram
- distort geographic regions to show the amont of data type within them
example: cartogram map of the world by population will make large countries with small amounts of epople much smaller than they really are, and small countries with large populations larger than they are
Chorochromatic Maps
- show data based on the specific geographic locations
- uses colors and patterns without numerical values
example: river watersheds or underlying soil types may be shown in different colors
example 2: land use map
What type of thematic map would you use to show existing land use?
chorochromatic map
What type of thematic map would you use to show percent of households below the poverty line by census tract?
Chloropleth map
What type of thematic map would you use to show the location of code enforcement violations?
Dot Density Map
What type of map would you use to demonstrate numerical data, such as population, through the distortion of geographic regions?
Cartogram
Flow Map
- show both geography and direction
- often for economic activity
Example: map showing the import and export of goods between places
What type of thematic map would you use to show the import and export of goods between places?
Flow Map
