American Planning Movements

Question 1

City Beautiful

Answer 1

• beautiful cities would inspire moral and civic virtue
• beaux-arts style civic centers
• first introduced at World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago
• McMillan plan of 1902 for DC
• Daniel Burnham

Late 1800s - early 1900s

Question 2

Garden City

Answer 2

• Self-contained city; population 32,000 on 6,000 acres; house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres and remaining land & population for farming
• economic and social reform, corporate land ownership
• Letchworth, Welwyn Garden City, and Wythenshawe in UK
• Sunnyside Gardens - 1922 - first attempt but not full garden city, just planned community
• Radburn, NJ - 1928 - 1st american garden city
• Ebenezer Howard, Lewis Mumford, Benton MacKaye, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright

late 1800s - mid 1900s

Question 3

What planning movement is associated with Daniel Burnham?

Answer 3

City Beautiful

Question 4

What planning movement is associated with Ebenezer Howard

Answer 4

Garden City

Letchworth
Welwyn Garden City
Wythenshawe

Question 5

What planning movement is associated with Lewis Mumford and Benton Mackaye?

Answer 5

Garden City

Question 6

What planning movement is associated with Clarence Stein and Henry Wright?

Answer 6

Garden City

Question 7

What planning movement is associated with Chicago?

Answer 7

City Beautiful
during the Columbian Exposition
1893

Question 8

What planning movement is associated with Letchworth, UK?

Answer 8

Garden City
New Towns Program

1903
First Garden City

Question 9

What planning movement is associated with Sunnyside Gardens?

Answer 9

Garden City

1st attempt at Garden City but really just a planned community

Clarence Stein
1922

Question 10

What planning movement is associated with Radburn, NJ?

Answer 10

Garden City

1st american garden city

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
1928

Question 11

City Efficient

(or City Scientific)

Answer 11

• focus on function and efficiency
• engineers, attorneys, etc over architects
• reaction against City Beautiful

year?

Question 12

City Humane

Answer 12

• focus on jobs and housing
• during/following Great Depression

1930s

Question 13

Greenbelt Towns Program

(or Green Towns Program)

Answer 13

• formed by the resettlement administration in 1935
• Greendale, WI
• Greenhills, OH
• Greenbelt, MD

1935-?

Question 14

What planning movement is associated with Greendale, WI?

Answer 14

Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)

Question 15

What planning movement is associated with Greenhills, OH?

Answer 15

Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)

Question 16

What planning movement is associated with Greenbelt, MD?

Answer 16

Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)

Question 17

New Towns Program

Answer 17

• Britain New Towns Act of 1946
• based on Garden Cities
• failed to achieve ideals
• most lack industry and city centers, instead becoming residential suburbs
• Park Forest, IL; Reston, VA; Columbia, MD
• move poor urban residents out of city

1946-?

Question 18

What planning movement is associated with Park Forest, IL?

Answer 18

New Towns Program

Question 19

City Functional

Answer 19

• emphasized administrative efficiency
• coincident with growth of military and industrialization

1940s

Question 20

What were Ebenezer Howard’s 3 garden cities?

Answer 20

Letchworth
Welwyn Garden City
Wythenshawe

Question 21

Urban Renewal

Answer 21

• “slum” clearance
• more public housing

1930s - 1960s

Question 22

What planning movement is associated with Reston, VA?

Answer 22

New Towns

Question 23

What planning movement is associated with Columbia, MD

Answer 23

New Towns

Question 24

Smart Growth

Answer 24

• compact development, mixed-use
• wide range of housing options
• walkable neighborhoods, transportation options
• prevent sprawl and encourage sustainability
• preserve open space

1970s -

way to build cities, towns, and neighborhoods that are economically prosperous, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable.

Question 25

The Great Society

Answer 25

* President Lyndon Johnson * eliminate poverty and racial injustice * education, poverty, transporation | mid 1960s

Question 26

Edge Cities

Answer 26

* from growth of automobile * primarily residential or agricultural areas previously * developed into areas with more businesses and jobs than residents * Tysons Corner, VA * Joel Garreau (wrote Edge City: Live on the New Frontier)

Question 27

What planning movement is associated with Tysons Corner, VA?

Answer 27

Edge Cities

Question 28

What planning movement is associated with Joel Garreau? What was his book?

Answer 28

* Edge Cities * *Edge City: Life on the New Frontier* * 1991

Question 29

Back to the City Movement

Answer 29

* movement of more upper income people back into the city and other core areas * Reversing trends from 1950s and 1960s population decline to suburbanization | 2000s -

Question 30

New Urbanism

Answer 30

* walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, creating a sense of place * Seaside, FL first new urbanist town - 1981 | 1980s - today

Question 31

Suburbanization

Answer 31

* just after WWII * housing shortages, people wanted to live outside the city, * increased focus on the family, separation of work and home | 1950s-

Question 32

Broadacre City

Answer 32

* Frank Lloyd Wright * each family given 1 acre of land * surrounding community has some office and apartments and a train station * car is primary form of transporation * *The Disappearing City* published in 1932

Question 33

Hippodamus

Answer 33

* Father of urban planning * developed the Hippodamian Plan or grid plan * ancient Greek urban planner

Question 34

Sanitary Reform and Public Health Movement

Answer 34

* coincides with rapid rate of urbanization * goal to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics | mid 1800s

Question 35

Settlement Housing Movement

Answer 35

* social movement * goal to connect rich and poor * Settlement Workers, often middle class, would live and volunteer their time in settlement houses * Most famous is Chicago's Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889 | late 1800s- early 1900s

Question 36

What planning movement is associated with San Francisco?

Answer 36

City Beautiful | 1906 ## Footnote Daniel Burnham's *Plan for San Francisco* first application of City Beautiful in a major American City

Question 37

What planning movement is associated with President Roosevelt?

Answer 37

Greenbelt Towns Program / Green Towns Program | 1930s ## Footnote Via the resettlement administration During the great depression

Question 38

What planning movement is associated with the Resettlement administration?

Answer 38

Greenbelt Towns Program / Green Towns Program | 1930s ## Footnote President Roosevelt Great Depression