American Planning Movements Flashcards
City Beautiful
- beautiful cities would inspire moral and civic virtue
- beaux-arts style civic centers
- first introduced at World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago
- McMillan plan of 1902 for DC
- Daniel Burnham
Late 1800s - early 1900s
Garden City
- Self-contained city; population 32,000 on 6,000 acres; house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres and remaining land & population for farming
- economic and social reform, corporate land ownership
- Letchworth, Welwyn Garden City, and Wythenshawe in UK
- Sunnyside Gardens - 1922 - first attempt but not full garden city, just planned community
- Radburn, NJ - 1928 - 1st american garden city
- Ebenezer Howard, Lewis Mumford, Benton MacKaye, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright
late 1800s - mid 1900s
What planning movement is associated with Daniel Burnham?
City Beautiful
What planning movement is associated with Ebenezer Howard
Garden City
Letchworth
Welwyn Garden City
Wythenshawe
What planning movement is associated with Lewis Mumford and Benton Mackaye?
Garden City
What planning movement is associated with Clarence Stein and Henry Wright?
Garden City
What planning movement is associated with Chicago?
City Beautiful
during the Columbian Exposition
1893
What planning movement is associated with Letchworth, UK?
Garden City
New Towns Program
1903
First Garden City
What planning movement is associated with Sunnyside Gardens?
Garden City
1st attempt at Garden City but really just a planned community
Clarence Stein
1922
What planning movement is associated with Radburn, NJ?
Garden City
1st american garden city
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
1928
City Efficient
(or City Scientific)
- focus on function and efficiency
- engineers, attorneys, etc over architects
- reaction against City Beautiful
year?
City Humane
- focus on jobs and housing
- during/following Great Depression
1930s
Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)
- formed by the resettlement administration in 1935
- Greendale, WI
- Greenhills, OH
- Greenbelt, MD
1935-?
What planning movement is associated with Greendale, WI?
Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)
What planning movement is associated with Greenhills, OH?
Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)
What planning movement is associated with Greenbelt, MD?
Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program)
New Towns Program
- Britain New Towns Act of 1946
- based on Garden Cities
- failed to achieve ideals
- most lack industry and city centers, instead becoming residential suburbs
- Park Forest, IL; Reston, VA; Columbia, MD
- move poor urban residents out of city
1946-?
What planning movement is associated with Park Forest, IL?
New Towns Program
City Functional
- emphasized administrative efficiency
- coincident with growth of military and industrialization
1940s
What were Ebenezer Howard’s 3 garden cities?
Letchworth
Welwyn Garden City
Wythenshawe
Urban Renewal
- “slum” clearance
- more public housing
1930s - 1960s
What planning movement is associated with Reston, VA?
New Towns
What planning movement is associated with Columbia, MD
New Towns
Smart Growth
- compact development, mixed-use
- wide range of housing options
- walkable neighborhoods, transportation options
- prevent sprawl and encourage sustainability
- preserve open space
1970s -
way to build cities, towns, and neighborhoods that are economically prosperous, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable.
The Great Society
- President Lyndon Johnson
- eliminate poverty and racial injustice
- education, poverty, transporation
mid 1960s
Edge Cities
- from growth of automobile
- primarily residential or agricultural areas previously
- developed into areas with more businesses and jobs than residents
- Tysons Corner, VA
- Joel Garreau (wrote Edge City: Live on the New Frontier)
What planning movement is associated with Tysons Corner, VA?
Edge Cities
What planning movement is associated with Joel Garreau? What was his book?
- Edge Cities
- Edge City: Life on the New Frontier
- 1991
Back to the City Movement
- movement of more upper income people back into the city and other core areas
- Reversing trends from 1950s and 1960s population decline to suburbanization
2000s -
New Urbanism
- walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, creating a sense of place
- Seaside, FL first new urbanist town - 1981
1980s - today
Suburbanization
- just after WWII
- housing shortages, people wanted to live outside the city,
- increased focus on the family, separation of work and home
1950s-
Broadacre City
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- each family given 1 acre of land
- surrounding community has some office and apartments and a train station
- car is primary form of transporation
- The Disappearing City published in 1932
Hippodamus
- Father of urban planning
- developed the Hippodamian Plan or grid plan
- ancient Greek urban planner
Sanitary Reform and Public Health Movement
- coincides with rapid rate of urbanization
- goal to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics
mid 1800s
Settlement Housing Movement
- social movement
- goal to connect rich and poor
- Settlement Workers, often middle class, would live and volunteer their time in settlement houses
- Most famous is Chicago’s Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889
late 1800s- early 1900s
What planning movement is associated with San Francisco?
City Beautiful
1906
Daniel Burnham’s Plan for San Francisco
first application of City Beautiful in a major American City
What planning movement is associated with President Roosevelt?
Greenbelt Towns Program / Green Towns Program
1930s
Via the resettlement administration
During the great depression
What planning movement is associated with the Resettlement administration?
Greenbelt Towns Program / Green Towns Program
1930s
President Roosevelt
Great Depression
