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Cell Biology Test 3 > Communication > Flashcards

Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria communicate with one another using

A

chemical signal molecules

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2
Q

Bacteria examples of cell communication

A

Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body formation
Escherichia coli flagellar rotation
Biofilm formation
Sporulation in Bacillus

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3
Q

Mating yeast cells

A

Use chemical signaling to identify cells of opposite mating type

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4
Q

How many mating yeast types

A

Two mating types in sexual reproduction

a and a- are haploid

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5
Q

Process of mating yeast cells

A

Exchange mating factors
Release specific mating factors
Only bind to receptors on other cell type
Change shape and grow toward each other

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6
Q

End product of mating haploid yeast cells

A

New a/a cell (diploid)

Contains ALL genes of both original cells

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7
Q

3 steps of the mating yeast cells

A

exchange mating factors
mating
new diploid cell a/a- cell

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8
Q

what types of signaling are there

A

contact
local
long distance

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9
Q

Communication requiring contact between cells

A 
Cell junctions (gap junctions; plasmodesmata)
Cell-surface molecules
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10
Q

Local signaling (few cells distance between)

A

Paracrine signaling

Synaptic signaling

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11
Q

Local paracrine signaling

A

Secretion of local regulator (i.e., growth factor)

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12
Q

Local synaptic signaling

A

Release neurotransmitter into synapse, stimulating target cell

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13
Q

Long-distance signaling (up to body-length distance)

A 
Endocrine (hormonal) signaling
Plant hormone (1 example)
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14
Q

long distance endocrine signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids
(examples: insulin, epinepherine)
Hormones reach most body cells, but bind and affect only some cells

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15
Q

long distance Plant hormone (1 example)

A

Ethylene (C2H4) promotes fruit ripening and regulates growth

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16
Q

3 stages of cell signaling

A

Signal Reception

Signal Transduction

Cellular Response
Cell division

17
Q

1st stage of cell signaling– signal reception

A

-Signaling molecule (ligand) binds to receptor protein
Peptides, proteins, amino acids, lipids, gases, etc.
-Receptor protein changes shape

18
Q

2nd stage of cell signaling–Signal Transduction

A
  • Relay signals from receptor(s) to target molecule(s)
  • Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
  • Signal transduction pathway
19
Q

3 rd stage of cell signaling Cellular Response

A
  • Cell division
  • Regulation of transcription
  • Enzyme activation and inactivation
20
Q

what happens in signal reception

A

Signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing conformational change in receptor

21
Q

what are receptors for signal reception and where are most

A

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors
in plasma membrane

22
Q

Intracellular receptors for reception

A

In cytoplasm, nucleus, organelle

23
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

Receptor works with G protein
Large family of eukaryotic receptor proteins
Single polypeptide has 7 transmembrane (TM) a helices

24
Q

GPCR binds with

A

Binds GTP (guanosine triphosphate)

25
Q

G-protein coupled receptors Diverse functions roles in:

A

Embryonic development
Sensory reception
Human vision, smell, taste

26
Q

Malfunctions of GPCRs lead to

A

many human diseases, including bacterial infections
Cholera, pertussis (whooping cough), and botulism
due to bacterial toxins that interfere with G protein function

27
Q

4 steps in g protein receptor

look at pp slide 8

A

-GDP bound to G protein = inactive
-Activated receptor (signal molecule binds) causes GTP to displace GDP
-Activated G protein diffuses along membrane, binds to an enzyme, activating it
-G protein acts as GTPase
GTP + H2O → GDP + Pi
Shuts down pathway

28
Q

What happens if GDP is bound to g protein

A

in active

29
Q

What happens when G protein receptor is activated

A

GTP to displace GDP

GTP bound to GTP is active now

30
Q

What happens to the activated g protein

A

diffuses along membrane
binds to enzyme
activates enzyme

31
Q

When the G protein acts as GTPase what happens

A

shuts down pathway

Cell Biology Test 3 (18 decks)

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