Anabolism Flashcards
What are the anabolic processes for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
This will be what the cards are about.
Biosynthesis (Anabolism) requires
Essential elements
Reducing agent
energy
What are the essential elements for anabolism
CHONPS, metal ions, etc.
what is the reducing agent for anabolism
NADPH
what is the energy required for anabolism
ATP,
oxidation of NADPH,
transmembrane ion gradient
Substrates for biosynthesis (bacteria) from where
glycolysis, krebs, actyl-coA
Substrates for biosynthesis (bacteria) from glycolysis intermediates make
Sugars Amino acids Purines Lipids Peptidoglycan
Substrates for biosynthesis (bacteria) from Krebs intermediates make
Amino acids
Pyrimidines
Heme
Substrates for biosynthesis (bacteria) from Acetyl coA intermediates make
Fatty acids (lipids) Amino acids
Substrates for biosynthesis (eukaryotes) Intermediates from: Glycolysis are used to make
Sugars
Amino acids
Pyrimidines
Lipids
Substrates for biosynthesis (eukaryotes) Intermediates from: Krebs are used to make
Amino acids
Pyrimidines and purines
Chlorophyll and heme
Substrates for biosynthesis (eukaryotes) Intermediates from: Krebs are used to make
Amino acids
Pyrimidines and purines
Chlorophyll and heme
Substrates for biosynthesis (eukaryotes) Intermediates from: acetyl coA are used to make
Fatty acids and cholesterol (lipids)
Amino acids
Amphibolic pathways metabolic
Function in both anabolism and catabolism
Share enzymes, but pathways are never identical
Why are enzyme pathways never the same
Some enzymes act reversibly
Separate enzymes for some steps in pathway
How is metabolic pathways regulated
allow simultaneous reactions to occur with Separate enzymes NAD+ (catabolic) NADP+ (anabolic) Energy level of cell Needs of cell
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize some anabolic and catabolic pathways so that these pathways can be operated ________.
independently
Different proteins have different amino acid ________.
sequences
Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however, some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways
True
What are the anabolic processes for carbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway
What are the anabolic processes for lipids
1) synthesis of lipids on liver cells from amino acids which are converted to acetyl-CoA
2) from glucose into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
both are converted to triglycerides
What are the 5 anabolic processes for proteins
amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding
What are converted to triglycerides during lipid anabolism
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (from glucose)
acetyl-CoA (from amino acids)
What are proteins made from
amino acids
What are the anabolic processes for nucleic acids
chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
How are catabolic and anabolic reactions integrated by cells
Anabolic pathways synthesize molecules and require energy.
Catabolic pathways break down molecules and produce energy
In the biosynthesis of glycerol, the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate produces what important precursor molecule? A) Glycerol 3-phosphate B) Coenzyme A C) Phospholipids D) Dihydrogen monoxide
A) Glycerol 3-phosphate
Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both ________ and ________.
anabolism; catabolism
Which statement reflects the correct order in the synthesis of triacylglycerol?
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glycerol 3-phosphate → phosphatidic acid → diacylglycerol → triacylglycerol
