Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A
  • Produce toxins
  • Can interfere with enzyme reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of an animal bacterial disease?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Damages lung tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of a bacterial plant disease?

A
  • Ring rot
  • Potato, tomatoes
  • Damages leaves to stop photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does a fungi cause disease?

A
  • Produce toxins
  • Digests cells (saprophytic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of a fungal animal disease?

A
  • Athlete’s foot
  • Fungi found in warm, moist areas of foot (between toes)
  • Digests skin and cells there causing itching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of a fungal plant disease?

A
  • Black sigatoka
  • Damages leaves
  • Causes black lines across leaves
  • Destroy chloroplast so they can’t do photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do viruses and protists cause disease?

A
  • Hijack cells to reproduce
  • Inject genetic material into host cell
  • Genetic material combines with host cell DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a viral animal disease?

A
  • AIDS
  • T helper cells are targeted and destroyed so they can’t send signals to the rest of the immune system
  • Body can’t defend itself against other pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of a viral plant disease?

A
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
  • Causes discolouration
  • Chloroplasts destroyed so lack of photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of a protist animal disease?

A
  • Malaria
  • Transported by a vector (female mosquitos)
  • Protist reproduces inside mosquito and is transported as mosquito feeds off human blood
  • Protist reproduces in human cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of a protist plant disease?

A
  • Potato blight
  • Damages leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of direct and indirect transmission in animals?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Inoculation (wound)
  • Ingestion
  • -
  • Fomites (inanimate objects an individual comes into contact with)
  • Droplet infection
  • Vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of direct and indirect transmission in plants?

A
  • Direct contact
  • -
  • Vectors
  • Contaminated soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 factors affecting transmission rate?

A
  • Hygeine
  • Weak immunity (animals)
  • Overcrowding
  • Genetic variation (plants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some examples of a primary defence?

A

Barrier - skin
Chemicals - mucus and lysozymes and blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting

A
  • Blood platelets release chemicals thromboplastin and serotonin to enhance clotting
  • Thromboplastin is an enzyme that triggers a cascade of reactions resulting in the formation of a blood clot
  • Serotonin makes smooth muscle in the walls of the blood vessels contract, so they narrow and reduce the blood supply to that area
  • Epidermal cells grow below the scab, sealing it permanently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name and describe secondary non specific immune responses?

A

Inflammation - Immune response at vascular tissues when infected
- Mast cells release histamines and cytokines
- Histamines dilate blood vessels which cause localised heat to reduce pathogen reproduction and redness.
- Cytokines are for cell signalling, and they attract phagocytes for phagocytosis

18
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophil - Lobed nucleus
Macrophages - Circular nucleus

19
Q

Outline the process of phagocytosis

A
  • Macrophage contains lots of lysosomes and has a receptor on its surface
  • Receptor recognises antigens
  • If an antigen is foreign, the macrophage engulfs the pathogen, forming a phagosome
  • Lysosomes fuse with phagosome forming phagolysosome, and the lysozymes can then digest the pathogen within
  • Pathogen is digested, apart from antigens on surface, so MHC’s bind to them, sending signal to other white blood cells
  • Macrophage becomes an antigen presenting cell
20
Q

What do opsinins do in phagocytosis?

A

Tag pathogens to allow them to be recognised more easily

21
Q

Where are T and B cells made and matured?

A

T - Made in bone marrow but matured in thymus
B - Made and matured in bone marrow

22
Q

What to T helper cells do?

A
  • CD4 receptors bind to MHC complex on antigen presenting cell
  • Release interleukins stimulate B cells and macrophages
23
Q

What to T killer cells do?

A
  • Destroy cells by releasing perforin
  • Makes holes on cell surface membrane
24
Q

What do T regulator cells do?

A
  • Supress immune system, acting to control and regulate it
  • Interleukins are important here
25
Q

What to T memory cells do?

A
  • Part of immunological memory
  • Rapid secondary response therefore
26
Q

What do B plasma cells do?

A
  • Short lived
  • Produce antibodies
27
Q

What do B effector cells do?

A
  • Divide to form plasma cell clones
28
Q

What is cell mediated immunity simply?

A
  • T lymphocytes respond to altered cells (APC, cancer, viruses)
  • T cells will differentiate into different types of T cells to directly destroy altered cells
29
Q

Outline the process of cell mediated immunity

A
  • Macrophage becomes an APC with antigen-MHC complex in the same way as in phagocytosis
  • CD4 receptor on T helper binds to complex on APC to recognise the attack
  • T helper cells release interleukins to alert other cells of the attack and proliferate to make T memory and killer cells
  • Interleukins also stimulate B cells to divide into plasma cells to make antibodies in humoral response, or stimulate phagocytes to do more phagocytosis
30
Q

What is humoral immunity briefly?

A
  • B lymphocytes respond to antigen and make specific antibodies
  • B lymphocytes can respond to APC’s or pathogens directly
31
Q

Outline the process of humoral immunity

A
  • Lots of different shaped antibodies on the B lymphocyte surface
  • Complementary shaped antibody to pathogen binds to the pathogen and engulfs it - known as clonal selection
  • Becomes B-APC
  • T helper cells recognise this APC and become activated, releasing interleukins to signal for further actions
  • B-APC divides into plasma cells to make lots of specific antibodies and memory/plasma cells to prepare for secondary response - Clonal expansion
32
Q

In what ways can a pathogen damage a plant?

A
  • Releasing chemicals into plant cells like toxins
  • Digesting cell walls
33
Q

What is the role of callose in plant defence?

A
  • Blocks plasmodesmata
  • Deposit itself along cell wall so pathogen can’t enter cell
  • Blocking phloem sieve plates, preventing pathogens travelling elsewhere in the plant
34
Q

What is the role of lignin in plant defence?

A
  • Chemical found in cell walls of xylem and other cells to prevent further entry of pathogen
35
Q

What are some chemical defences in plants?

A
  • Insect repellents
  • Insecticides
  • Antibacterial/antifungal chemicals
36
Q

What is an autoimmune disease and give 3 examples?

A
  • When the immune system stops recognising self cells and starts to attack healthy body tissue
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Arthritis
  • Lupus
37
Q

Describe and give examples of active natural immunity

A
  • Memory cells produced by immune system
  • Can recognise antigen on pathogen and destroy it
  • Humoral response
38
Q

Describe and give examples of active artificial immunity

A
  • Body is stimulated to make its own antibodies
  • Injected dead pathogen
  • Vaccination
39
Q

Describe and give examples of passive natural immunity

A
  • New born baby is given antibodies while still in uterus
  • Lasts until the body can make its own antibodies
  • Antibodies in breast milk/placenta
40
Q

Describe and give examples of passive artificial immunity

A
  • Antibodies can be formed in an animal, extracted and injected into a humans bloodstream
  • Only temporary immunity but can be life saving
  • Anti venom, needle stick injections

Bio (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions