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Biology definitions > communicable diseases > Flashcards

communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacterial infections

A
  1. tuberculosis
    - lungs, bacteria kills cells/tissues + suppresses the immune system
  2. bacterial meningitis
    - infection and swelling of membranes around the brain and spinal cord
  3. ring rot
    - damage/decay of potato tubers + tomatoes
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2
Q

fungal infections

A
  1. athlete’s foot
    - skin of foot/ between toes
  2. ringworm
    - skin of cattle, infectious grey rash
  3. black sigatoka
    - destroys plant leaves
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3
Q

viruses

A
  1. HIV/ aids
    - attacks the immune system
  2. Influenza
    - attacks the respiratory system
  3. TMV
    - pattern of leaf discolouration
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4
Q

protoctista

A
  1. malaria
    - plasmodium parasite - fever leads to coma/death
    - hard to make vaccine because the Protoctista hide in red blood cells so are hard to detect, and they have 3 stages to their life which makes it more challenging
  2. potato/tomato blight
    - hyphae penetrate into host cells in leaves/fruits
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5
Q

animal direct pathogen transmission

A
  • physical contact
  • droplets
  • contaminated surfaces
  • eating or drinking
  • spores
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6
Q

animal indirect pathogen transmission

A
  • vectors
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7
Q

plant-pathogen transmission

A
  • soil contamination
  • contact
  • root entry
  • airborne transmission (spores carried through air)
  • insects/ vectors
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8
Q

factors which affect transmission

A
  1. overcrowding
  2. poor nutrition
  3. climate change - new diseases + vectors
  4. increased rainfall
  5. socioeconomic factors
  6. poor soil richness
  7. warm damp conditions
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9
Q

plant defences

A

PHYSICAL

  1. waterproof lignin walls
  2. waxy cuticles
  3. guard cells
  4. callose deposits in sieve tubes - blocks spreading
  5. tylose - swelling which fills xylem - blocks spreading

ACTIVE

  1. production of repellant chemicals
    - terpenoids - strong-scented, antibacterial properties
    - alkaloids - bitter taste, prevent eating
  2. hydrolytic enzymes - break down pathogen cell walls
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10
Q

PNSDAP

skin

A
  • prevents entry of the pathogen
  • skin flora of healthy microorganisms outcompete pathogens
  • dead cells act as effective barriers
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11
Q

PNSDAP

blood clotting

A
  • site of damage
  • platelets adhere to the site of damage
  • clotting factors released as enzyme cascade is activated
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12
Q

PNSDAP

wound repair

A
  • scab forms

- new skin forms underneath (cell differentiation)

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13
Q

PNSDAP

mucous membranes

A
  • specialised epithelial tissue covered in mucous
  • goblet cells secrete mucous which traps pathogen
  • mucous contains hydrolytic enzymes which destroy bacterial and fungal cell walls
  • cilia beat mucous into acidic stomach
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14
Q

PNSDAP

expulsive reflexes

A
  • coughing, sneezing

- ejects pathogens

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15
Q

PNSDAP

inflammation

A
  • swelling of infected tissue
  • histamine released by cells causing vasodilation
  • capillary walls more permeable to white blood cells
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16
Q

SNSDAP

phagocytes

A
  • engulf, digest and kill pathogens
  • considered secondary because they only act after the pathogen has entered the body

neutrophils = most common phagocyte

  1. recognises antigen on pathogen as foreign
  2. engulfs pathogen
  3. pathogen enclosed in vacuole - phagosome
  4. phagosome combines with lysosome - phagolysosome
  5. enzymes in lysosome break down and digest the pathogen
  6. produces fragments which are combined with glycoproteins = MHC - major histocompatibility complex
  7. MHC moves antigens onto its own surface producing antigen-presenting cells - APC’s
17
Q

antigen presentation

A
  • so T and B lymphocytes can recognise and come into contact with the APC’s
  • full specific immune response stimulated
18
Q

cytokines

A
  • cell signalling, molecules that have a specific shape complementary to the shape of the receptor site of lymphocytes, they bind to their receptors
  • stimulate phagocytes to move to the site of infection (specific immune response)
19
Q

opsonins

A
  • tag to/mark invasive pathogen so that they can be recognised
  • stimulates phagocytosis
20
Q

macrophage

A

type of phagocyte, responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens
produced through differentiation of monocytes

21
Q

specific immune response

4 main steps

A
  1. APC antigens bind to T helper cell receptors, activating the T helper cells.
    - clonal selection occurs of T helper and killer cells
    - for each type of cell, clonal expansion occurs = mass cell replication
  2. T helper cells produce interleukins (cell signalling molecules) which activates B cells
    - clonal expansion of B cells
    - some B cells = B plasma cells which manufacture antibodies/ immunoglobins
    - some B cells = B memory cells which provide immunological memory
  3. T killer cells attach to infected cells and secrete toxic substances into the cells, killing them
  4. T regulator cells suppress and control the immune system by stopping immune responses post pathogen elimination and making sure body recognises self-antigens
22
Q

interleukins

A

cell signalling molecules

23
Q

autoimmune disease

A

the immune system doesn’t recognise its own antigens and attacks different parts of the body
e.g. Lupus, Arthritis

24
Q

anti-toxins

A

antitoxins bind to harmful substances/toxins released by pathogens and render them harmless

25
Q

agglutins

A

cross-linking between pathogens causes them to group together which means pathogens are more readily engulfed

26
Q

antibody regions

A

top of each branch of Y = antigen-binding site
variable region = specific to antigen
S-S disulfide bridges hold polypeptide together
hinges between heavy and light polypeptide chains allow bending - bind to more than 1 antigen
constant region - attachment to phagocytes

27
Q

natural active immunity

A
  • natural response
  • production of antibodies
  • body brings about the response
28
Q

natural passive immunity

A
  • foetus receives antibodies across the placenta

- foetus doesn’t produce antibodies itself

29
Q

artificial active immunity

A
  • vaccination

- antibodies produced by the body when foreign substance is introduced into the body

30
Q

artificial passive immunity

A
  • antibodies from another organism are injected into the bloodstream of another
  • short-lasting
31
Q

vaccinations

A

provide immunity to specific diseases by exposure to harmless antigenic material

  • dead or inactivated bacteria
  • weakened strains
  • modified toxin molecules
  • genetically engineered antigens
32
Q

vaccination types (mass, herd, ring)

A

mass
- prevent spread in the wider population

herd
- provides immunity to most/all of the population

ring
- people in the vicinity are vaccinated to prevent spreading

33
Q

parasite

A
  • lives in the host
  • feeds on the host
  • harms the host
34
Q

bacteria and antibiotics

A
  • some develop resistance
  • bacteria can’t be immune because they don’t have an immune system
  • they are unicellular only multicellular organisms can have an immune response
35
Q

T cells

A

matured in thymus

4 types 
T killer 
T helper 
T regulator 
T memory

Biology definitions (15 decks)

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