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Biology definitions > classification and evolution > Flashcards

classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification hierarchy - taxonomic

A

Dude, King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

Binomial Naming System

A

Genus - species

e.g. Homo sapiens

Genus always capitalised
species not capitalised

ALL underlined

no 2 species have the same generic and specific name, all species can therefore be distinguished from one another + this system is universal

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3
Q

Phylogenetic definition of species

A

a species is a group of organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy and genetics

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4
Q

Prokaryota

A

1 of 5 kingdoms

  • both autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • small 70s ribosomes
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • smaller cells

e.g. E coli

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5
Q

Protoctista

A

1 of 5 kingdoms

  • autotrophic AND heterotrophic feeding
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • 80s ribosomes
  • some are sessile, some move by cilia and flagella
  • mostly unicellular

e.g. Amoeba

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6
Q

Animalia

A

1 of 5 kingdoms

  • heterotrophic feeding - ingestion
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • 80s ribosomes
  • bigger cells
  • store food as glycogen
  • free movement - cilia, flagella, proteins
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7
Q

Fungi

A

1 of 5 kingdoms

  • saprotrophic feeding (nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material)
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • chitin cell wall
  • uni/multicellular
  • no mechanism for locomotion
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8
Q

Plantea

A

1 of 5 kingdoms

  • autotrophic feeding
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • 80s ribosomes
  • chloroplasts
  • cellulose cell wall
  • bigger cells
  • store food as starch
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9
Q

Convergent evolution

A
  • 2 unrelated species adapt to look similar

- 2 organisms with similar molecules will have evolved together

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10
Q

Cytochrome, C

A
  • protein used in respiration
  • protein is not identical in all species
  • samples of C can show differences between species
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11
Q

DNA

A
  • biological molecule found in ALL organisms
  • provides a universal code for all organisms
  • changes in the base sequence of DNA = mutations
  • DNA and proteins, can be compared between different species to determine evolutionary relationships between them
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12
Q

3 Domains

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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13
Q

Artificial vs Natural Classification

A

Artificial

  • based on a few characteristics
  • convenient
  • X reflect evolutionary relationships

Natural

  • based on many characteristics
  • / reflect revolutionary relationships
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14
Q

Phylogeny

A
  • study of evolutionary relationships between species
    reveals which group an organism is related to and how closely related
    reflected using phylogenetic trees
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15
Q

Natural Selection

A

Darwin’s observations:

  1. offspring similar to their parents
  2. no 2 individuals are identical
  3. organisms produce a large number of offspring
  4. populations remain stable

Theory

  • competition within a population
  • organisms best suited to the environment are more likely to survive
  • their advantageous characteristic is determined by specific alleles
  • these alleles passed onto offspring
  • species changes over time to have more advantageous phenotypes for the environment in which it lives
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16
Q

Evidence for evolution

A
  1. mitochondrial DNA
  2. biological molecules
  3. fossil records
  4. comparative biochemistry
  5. comparative anatomy
17
Q

Variation

A

intraspecific - between members of same species

interspecific - between different species

continuous - 2 extremes and intermediate values, regulated by more than 1 gene (polygenes), often influenced by environmental factors

discontinuous - distinct categories, no intermediate values, regulated by 1 gene, ONLY influenced by genetic factors

18
Q

Genetic variation

A
  • alleles; parental combination of genes can produce different outcomes
  • mutations; physical and metabolic characteristics are affected
  • meiosis; independent assortment of chromatids, crossing over
  • sexual reproduction; mix of genetic information
19
Q

Environmental variation

A

cannot be inherited e.g. scars, bruises

20
Q

Antomical adaptations

A

physical features

  • body coverings - hairs, scales, spines, shells, feathers
    and waxy cuticle for plants
  • camouflage - hide from predators
  • teeth - diet, meat (sharp canines) vs plant (molars)
  • mimicry - fool predators
21
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

the way an organism acts (inherited or learnt from a parent)

  • playing dead/ freezing
  • courtship - attracting mates
  • seasonal, migration, hibernation
22
Q

Innate

A

through genes inherited

23
Q

Learned

A

learned by observing other animals

24
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

processes that occur inside an organism

  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
  • blinking
  • temperature regulation
25
Q

Evolution

A

all organisms exposed to selection pressures, the organisms better adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, as a result of natural selection, these adaptations become more common in the population

26
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. organisms show variation in characteristics (alleles)
  2. organisms whose better adapted to the selection pressure has an increased chance of survival and successful reproduction
  3. less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce
  4. successful organisms pass the allele which encodes for the advantageous characteristic, to their offspring

the proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristic, increases
frequency of allele increases in gene pool = evolution

27
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  • bacteria resis antibiotics due to mutations or when antibiotic courses are incomplete
  • resistant bacteria survive and reproduce passing the resistant gene to offspring
    this can lead to superbugs and bacteria resistant to a range of very strong drugs

bad for humans - reduced effectiveness of prescriptions

28
Q

Variation

A

differences within a population/ between species

29
Q

Domain vs kingdom

A

the domain is better - due to evidence it displays fundamental differences between bacteria and archaea which are both classified as prokaryotes in the kingdoms - specific

Biology definitions (15 decks)

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