classification and evolution

Question 1

Classification hierarchy - taxonomic

Answer 1

Dude, King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

Binomial Naming System

Answer 2

Genus - species

e.g. Homo sapiens

Genus always capitalised
species not capitalised

ALL underlined

no 2 species have the same generic and specific name, all species can therefore be distinguished from one another + this system is universal

Question 3

Phylogenetic definition of species

Answer 3

a species is a group of organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy and genetics

Question 4

Prokaryota

Answer 4

1 of 5 kingdoms

• both autotrophic and heterotrophic
• no nucleus
• no membrane-bound organelles
• small 70s ribosomes
• peptidoglycan cell walls
• smaller cells

e.g. E coli

Question 5

Protoctista

Answer 5

1 of 5 kingdoms

• autotrophic AND heterotrophic feeding
• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• 80s ribosomes
• some are sessile, some move by cilia and flagella
• mostly unicellular

e.g. Amoeba

Question 6

Animalia

Answer 6

1 of 5 kingdoms

• heterotrophic feeding - ingestion
• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• 80s ribosomes
• bigger cells
• store food as glycogen
• free movement - cilia, flagella, proteins

Question 7

Fungi

Answer 7

1 of 5 kingdoms

• saprotrophic feeding (nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material)
• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• chitin cell wall
• uni/multicellular
• no mechanism for locomotion

Question 8

Plantea

Answer 8

1 of 5 kingdoms

• autotrophic feeding
• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• 80s ribosomes
• chloroplasts
• cellulose cell wall
• bigger cells
• store food as starch

Question 9

Convergent evolution

Answer 9

• 2 unrelated species adapt to look similar

- 2 organisms with similar molecules will have evolved together

Question 10

Cytochrome, C

Answer 10

• protein used in respiration
• protein is not identical in all species
• samples of C can show differences between species

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

• biological molecule found in ALL organisms
• provides a universal code for all organisms
• changes in the base sequence of DNA = mutations
• DNA and proteins, can be compared between different species to determine evolutionary relationships between them

Question 12

3 Domains

Answer 12

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Question 13

Artificial vs Natural Classification

Answer 13

Artificial

• based on a few characteristics
• convenient
• X reflect evolutionary relationships

Natural

• based on many characteristics
• / reflect revolutionary relationships

Question 14

Phylogeny

Answer 14

• study of evolutionary relationships between species
  reveals which group an organism is related to and how closely related
  reflected using phylogenetic trees

Question 15

Natural Selection

Answer 15

Darwin’s observations:

1. offspring similar to their parents
2. no 2 individuals are identical
3. organisms produce a large number of offspring
4. populations remain stable

Theory

• competition within a population
• organisms best suited to the environment are more likely to survive
• their advantageous characteristic is determined by specific alleles
• these alleles passed onto offspring
• species changes over time to have more advantageous phenotypes for the environment in which it lives

Question 16

Evidence for evolution

Answer 16

1. mitochondrial DNA
2. biological molecules
3. fossil records
4. comparative biochemistry
5. comparative anatomy

Question 17

Variation

Answer 17

intraspecific - between members of same species

interspecific - between different species

continuous - 2 extremes and intermediate values, regulated by more than 1 gene (polygenes), often influenced by environmental factors

discontinuous - distinct categories, no intermediate values, regulated by 1 gene, ONLY influenced by genetic factors

Question 18

Genetic variation

Answer 18

• alleles; parental combination of genes can produce different outcomes
• mutations; physical and metabolic characteristics are affected
• meiosis; independent assortment of chromatids, crossing over
• sexual reproduction; mix of genetic information

Question 19

Environmental variation

Answer 19

cannot be inherited e.g. scars, bruises

Question 20

Antomical adaptations

Answer 20

physical features

• body coverings - hairs, scales, spines, shells, feathers
  and waxy cuticle for plants
• camouflage - hide from predators
• teeth - diet, meat (sharp canines) vs plant (molars)
• mimicry - fool predators

Question 21

Behavioural adaptations

Answer 21

the way an organism acts (inherited or learnt from a parent)

• playing dead/ freezing
• courtship - attracting mates
• seasonal, migration, hibernation

Question 22

Innate

Answer 22

through genes inherited

Question 23

Learned

Answer 23

learned by observing other animals

Question 24

Physiological adaptations

Answer 24

processes that occur inside an organism

• poison production
• antibiotic production
• water holding
• blinking
• temperature regulation

Question 25

Evolution

Answer 25

all organisms exposed to selection pressures, the organisms better adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, as a result of natural selection, these adaptations become more common in the population

Question 26

Natural Selection

Answer 26

1. organisms show variation in characteristics (alleles) 2. organisms whose better adapted to the selection pressure has an increased chance of survival and successful reproduction 3. less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce 4. successful organisms pass the allele which encodes for the advantageous characteristic, to their offspring the proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristic, increases frequency of allele increases in gene pool = evolution

Question 27

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

- bacteria resis antibiotics due to mutations or when antibiotic courses are incomplete - resistant bacteria survive and reproduce passing the resistant gene to offspring this can lead to superbugs and bacteria resistant to a range of very strong drugs bad for humans - reduced effectiveness of prescriptions

Question 28

Variation

Answer 28

differences within a population/ between species

Question 29

Domain vs kingdom

Answer 29

the domain is better - due to evidence it displays fundamental differences between bacteria and archaea which are both classified as prokaryotes in the kingdoms - specific