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NRSG 477 > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable disease

A

Illness that is caused by an infectious agent by transmission of that agent, from a person, animal or inanimate reservoir to an infected host.

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2
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease:
HIV
Salmonella
Shingles
Rocky mountain spotted fever
A

Shingles

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3
Q

Definition of disease surveillance

A

The systematic collection and analysis of specific health data for use in public health.

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4
Q

Purpose of disease surveillance

A

Monitoring and improving health. Also assessing the status of public health and plan programs as well as evaluate interventions.

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5
Q

Uses of disease surveillance

A 
Estimate magnitude of problems
Determine geographic distributions
Detect epidemics and define problems
Monitor changes in infectious agents
Evaluate control measures
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6
Q

Ex: Vampire facials leading to 2 cases of HIV; why is this important?

A

Knowing where to track things from!

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7
Q

How long does it take a virus to reach in major city in the world?

A

36 hours

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8
Q

Data Sources

A

Mortality and Morbidity reports
Notifiable disease reports both state and federal
Nurses and other public health workers required to report specific diseases.
Specialized disease registries (tumor boards)
Reporting of communicable diseases in MT (list)

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9
Q

Does the incidence of STI’s increase or decrease in the winter months?

A

Decrease; less people sexually active; spikes in august, as semesters start up!

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10
Q

**Roles of the public health nurse

A

-Reporting
-Working with health care providers in the community
-Investigation of case reports
-Identify factors that contribute to disease outbreaks and occurrences.
-Communicating with populations about disease risks and preventative measures.
Educating the public about prevention: safe food prep, water borne illnesses, parasites

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11
Q

Two broad MAJOR roles of the public health nurse summarized.

A

Preparation and prevention

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12
Q

How and who do we report to?

A

The local health department who then reports to the state.

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13
Q

Reporting and privacy?

A

Maintained, goal is for the greater good of the population.

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14
Q

**Contact tracing

A

The PHN needs to notify all persons who may be associated with an outbreak to prevent spread throughout the community.

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15
Q

*What does contract tracing require?

A

Tact, good critical thinking skills, the ability to not personalize anger or insults and a clear focus on the goal of keeping a community free of disease.
* Partner notification

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16
Q

Partner notification

A
  • Occurs in conjunction with population level interventions aimed at controlling disease.
  • Confidential notification and identification of exposed persons.
  • Clients are encouraged to notify partners and close contacts
  • If client prefers not to do this, then nurse visits or call to encourage contact testing.
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17
Q

Partner notification and confidentiality

A
  • NEVER reveal the source patient

- May need to be creative with follow-up and visit people privately in bars and clubs where they frequent.

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18
Q

When attempting contact notification and finding that the partner is out of county, who do you contact?

A

The county nurse.

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19
Q

Food borne illnesses basics

A 
Common
Costly
Preventable
Underreported
Public health priority
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20
Q

Who investigates food borne outbreaks?

A

Nurses and sanitarians

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21
Q

What is an important part of prevention regarding re-occurrence?

A

EDUCATION

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22
Q

Food born Illnesses: Causes

A

Can be bacterial, viral or parasitic; can be chemical contamination.
Common causes: Campylobacter, Salmonella, cyclospora, E-Coli

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23
Q

Food borne Illness: Campylobacter (which animal associated)

A

Poultry; incidence rising

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24
Q

Food borne Illness: Salmonella (which animal associated)

A

Poultry/eggs; incidence stable

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25
Q

Food borne illness: Cyclospora (which animal associated)

A

Produce; incidence increasing

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26
Q

Salmonella: Bacterial/viral/ or parasitic?

A

Bacterial

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27
Q

Salmonella: Transmission

A

Food derived from infected animal or contaminated by FECES of infected animal or person

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28
Q

S/S of salmonella

A

Sudden headache, ABD pain, diarrhea, nausea, occasional vomiting, almost always fever

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29
Q

2 carriers of salmonella

A

Animals/reptiles

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30
Q

Hosts of salmonella

A

Raw undercooked meat, poultry, uncooked eggs, unpasteurized milk/dairy

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31
Q

Campylobacter: Etiology

A

Bacterial

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32
Q

Campylobacter: Hosts

A

From birds;

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33
Q

What season is campylobacter most common?

A

Summer

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34
Q

Campylobacter: S/S

A

diarrhea (may be bloody), ABD pain/cramping, FEVER within 2-5 days of EXPOSURE. Can be spread to bloodstream and be deadly in immune compromised.

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35
Q

Campylobacter: Diagnosis and treatment

A

Dx: Stool culture
Tx: Symptoms, in severe cases: ABx such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones

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36
Q

In severe cases of campylobacter what ABx will be used to tx?

A

Azithromycin or fluoroquinolones

37
Q

What can causes campylobacter (environment/host)?

A

Raw, uncooked poultry, unpasteurized milk

38
Q

T/F Campylobacter is a very fragile organism and is killed by freezing and exposing to oxygen

A

True

39
Q

Clostridium perfringens: Etiology

A

Spore forming gram + bacteria; can grow in areas of little or no oxygen.

40
Q

Clostridium perfringens: Where is it found?

A

Raw meat and poultry especially. Dried and precooked foods; large quantities of food kept warm for a long amount of time.

41
Q

Clostridium perfringens: S/Sx

A

Usually no fever or vomiting; diarrhea and ABD cramps over 6-24 hours after infected. NO transmission from infected person to another

42
Q

T/F clostridium perfringens is transmitted from person to person.

A

False

43
Q

Clostridium perfringens: Diagnosis and treatment

A

Dx: Stool culture
Tx: Symptoms, rehydration, NO ABX

44
Q

Are antibiotics utilized with clostridium perfringens?

A

NO

45
Q

T/F: Salmonella and campylobacter are most commonly identified causes BUT higher death rates with salmonella, listeria, and toxoplasma

A

True.

46
Q

Botulism: 5 kinds

A

Foodborne (improper canning), wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrogenic botulism

47
Q

Botulism: Causes

A

Occur as a result of Neurotoxins

48
Q

** T/F Botulism is completely PREVENTABLE with EDUCATION

A

True

49
Q

When can babies start having honey?

A

At age 1

50
Q

Botulism S/S

A 
Double vision/blurred vision
Drooping eyelids, slurred speech
Difficulty swallowing
Dry mouth and muscle weakness.
**May lead to paralysis of respiratory center
51
Q

Time range of botulism

A

Can occur as early as 6 hours and late as 10 days

52
Q

Botulism diagnosis and treatment

A

Dx: History, diagnostics (XR, CR), occasionally blood test.
Tx: Supportive if able, mechanical ventilation antitoxin

53
Q

*** What are the special attention populations?

A

Babies and pregnant women

54
Q

*T/F Most of the nutritional benefits of drinking raw milk are available from pasteurized milk without the risk of disease at comes with drinking raw milk

A

True

55
Q

*T/F Raw milk made into other products like soft cheese, ice cream, and yogurt can still cause dangerous infections. When consuming these products, make sure they are made from pasteurized milk.

A

TRUE

56
Q

*T/F Organic milk is safe to drink regardless of whether it has been pasteurized

A

False: Only organic milk that has been pasteurized is safe to drink.

57
Q

*T/F Healthy animals can carry illness causing bacteria that can contaminate milk

A

True

58
Q

*T/F Even dairy farms with very good safety practices can contain illness causing germs. And even if tests on a batch of a farm’s raw milk come back negative, it is no guarantee that the next batch of milk will be free of harmful germs

A

True

59
Q

Waterborne Illnesses

A

May be drinking water or recreational water

60
Q

Which etiologic agent is the leading cause of outbreaks of diarrhea linked to water and the 3rd leading cause of diarrhea associated with animal contact in the U.S.

A

Cryptosporidium

61
Q

Waterborne Illness: Giardia Risk factors

A

Drinking untreated water
Childcare settings
Exposure to someone with Giardia
Travelers to countries with known giardia

62
Q

Waterborne Illness: Giardia S/S

A

Diarrhea, gas, greasy stools that float, stomach cramping.

63
Q

Giardia Diagnosis

A

3 stool samples collected on different days

64
Q

What waterborne illness is this characteristic of? Diarrhea, gas, greasy stools that float, cramping.

A

Giardia

65
Q

How do we treat Giardia?

A

Metronidazole/Flagyl

66
Q

WHO key education with safe food handling

A 
Keep clean
Keep raw and cooked food separate
Cook thoroughly
Hold food at safe temperatures
Use safe water and raw materials
Do not cross-contaminate
67
Q

Vectors

A

Transmitters
Usually arthropods such as ticks and mosquitos
Generally educate to limit risk of exposures and may eliminate certain vectors through measures such as spraying.

68
Q

What is one way to educate about vectors in life?

A

Wear long sleeve shirts and pants mosquito netting

69
Q

Malaria

A

A mosquito borne illness

70
Q

S/S of malaria

A 
Appear 10-15 days after exposure
Fever
HA
Chills
Illness can be severe leading to death
71
Q

With malaria how long until symptoms begin to appear?

A

10-15 days

72
Q

Who is at risk of malaria? Who is at higher risk?

A

1/2 of the worlds population
Most deaths in sub-Saharan Africa
Infants children, pregnant women, immunocompromised and children*****

73
Q

Malaria prevention

A

Mosquito nets treated with insecticide could prevents deahts

74
Q

West Nile Virus: Transmission

A

Via mosquito

75
Q

The 4 D’s of WEST NILE VIRUS***!!!!!

A

DEET
Drain Water
Dawn and Dusk
Dress in long sleeves

76
Q

The 4 D’s: DEET, drain water, dawn & dusk and dress in long sleeves are associated with which vector associated illness?

A

West nile Virus

77
Q

What is an example of a tick disease?

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease

78
Q

How would we treat tick disease?

A

Treat the same as others and educate the same as others.

79
Q

Will mosquitos and tick populations increase or decrease with climate change?

A

Will increase; projected a longer breeding season
See an increase in malaria and denge
Increase in mental health issues, more algae blooms

80
Q

Zoonotics

A

Diseases which are spread from animals to humans

81
Q

Zoonosis: Toxoplasmosis education

A

Cat litter; educate pregnant women

82
Q

Examples of zoonotic illnesses

A

Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, Rabies, hantavirus, chronic wasting disease

83
Q

Zoonotic: Manifestation of Tularemia

A

Skin ulcer

84
Q

Rabies

A

Virus that infects wildlife, esp bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes in the US

85
Q

How does rabies spread?

A

Spreads to people and pets when they are bitten or scratched causing FEVER, AGITATION AND DEATH.

86
Q

T/F Rabies is 100% preventable with post exposure prophylaxis

A

True

87
Q

T/F All three major groups of parasites depend on the host to survive

A

True

88
Q

Parasites 3 major groups

A

Protozoa
Helminths
Extoparasites

89
Q

How can we test for pinworms?

A

Scotch tape

NRSG 477 (11 decks)

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