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NCM 104 LEC > COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (3) > Flashcards

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (3) Flashcards

1
Q

• (Infectious Hepatitis, Catharral Jaundice)
• Vaccine preventable liver infection caused
by hepatitis A virus, characterized by
inflammation of liver
• Not very severe and runs an acute course • Generally starting within 2 weeks after
contact with the virus.
• It may last no longer than two months
• Although highly contagious

A

Hepatitis A

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2
Q

It is a self-limiting and most benign/harmless type of Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A

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3
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?

A

15 to 50 days ; average 30, 3-6 weeks

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis A?

A

a. Fatigue, low grade fever, anorexia, nausea and vomiting
b. Abdominal pain or discomfort
c. Clay colored stools with dark urine
d. Joint pain and/or arthralgia
e. Yellowish discoloration of the skin and
sclera
f. Intense itching
g. Spider nevi on the trunk

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5
Q

Who are at risk for Hepatitis A?

A

• Children at daycare centers - where there can be a transmission of infections through diapers and toys
• Troops living in crowded conditions - at military camps or field
• Homosexuals are increasingly at risk of HAV infection from oral-anal sexual contact
• Victims of events the cause breakdown of sanitary conditions
• Living with a person who has Hepatitis A
• Someone who have a clotting factor disorder
• Travelling or working in areas of the word where hepatitis A is common

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6
Q

HEPATITIS A

This could occur with prolonged jaundice and fever

A

Cholestatic hepatitis

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7
Q

What are the laboratory tests for Hepatitis A?

A
  1. HAV and HBV compliment fixation rate
  2. Liver function test - presence & extent of
    liver damage and to monitor liver response
  3. Bile examination in stool and urine
  4. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
    (SGOT)
  5. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
    (SGPT)
  6. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT)
  7. IgM
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8
Q

Hepatitis A vaccine is given at what year and followed by booster how many months later?

A

1 year old ; 6mos later

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9
Q

CDC recommends Hepatitis A vaccine for the following:

A

All children at age one, or older children Infants aged 6-11 months travelling internationally
Laboratory workers
Men who have sex with men
People with other risk factors who work or travel
People who use any type of illegal drugs People who receive treatment with clotting-factor concentrates
People with chronic liver disease

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10
Q

Treatment for Hepatitis A

A

• High carbohydrate, low fat, low protein diet.
• Vitamin supplements, especially B complex group, IV therapy is occasionally necessary.
• Methosprenol may enhance cell mediated immunity of the T lymphocytes.
• Administer alkalis belladonna and anti emetics to control dyspepsia and Malaise

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11
Q

• Can cause scarring of organ, liver failure and cancer.
• Spreads when people come in contact w/ blood, open scars or body fluids of person who has Hepatitis B virus
• Can be fatal if left untreated
• Cconsidered more serious than Hepatitis A
due to possibility of severe complications such as massive damage of liver and hepatocarcinoma.

A

Hepatitis B

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12
Q

Other name for hepatitis B

A

Serum hepatitis

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13
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis B?

A

50-189 days ; average 90, 2-5 months

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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis B?

A

• Sexual contact; unprotected sex, partner’s blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal secretions
• Direct transmission: person to person
• Sharing of needles and syringes
• Using unsterilized equipment for tattooing
and piercing
• Transmission can occur through infected
blood or body fluids introduced at birth
• Pregnant women to their babies

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15
Q

Hepatitis virus transmission does not occur to the following routes:

A

fecal, oral, foodborne or waterborne and arthropod, mosquito or tick bites transmission

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16
Q

What is the period of communicability for Hepatitis B?

A

patient is capable of transmitting virus during latter part of incubation period and during acute phase, virus may persist in the blood for many years or for life.

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17
Q

Symptoms for Hepatitis B may be observed for how many days?

A

45 days or longer

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18
Q

People who are chronically infected w/ Hepatitis B have increased risk of developing __

A

Cirrhosis or scarring of the liver
Liver cancer in later life

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19
Q

HEPATITIS B

What are the symptoms of the prodromal period?

A

• Fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and chills
• Jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools
• Fatigue that persist for weeks or months
• Pain is present at the RUQ of the abdomen.
The liver maybe tender and enlarged by
12-14 cm vertically
• The spleen are palpable
• Posterior cervical lymph nodes may be
enlarged
• Recovery is indicated by the decline of
fever and improved appetite

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20
Q

HEPATITIS B

• Ascites and bleeding
May be fatal and it is manifested by severe symptom

A

Fulminant hepatitis

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21
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for hepatitis B?

A
  1. Complement fixation test
  2. Radio immunoassay hemagglutinin test
  3. Liver function test
  4. Bile examination in blood and urine
  5. Routine blood count
  6. Serum transaminase- SGOT, SGPT
  7. Liver biopsy, liver ultrasound
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22
Q

What is the diet for Hepatitis B?

A

Low fat
Low protein
High carbohydrate

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23
Q

Hepatitis B vaccination should be administered within __ hours to those exposed directly to HBV

A

72 hours

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24
Q

HBV vaccine is given in __ doses ; __ month apart

A

2 ; 1 month apart

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25
Q

Immunoglobulin should be administered as soon as possible within __ days after sexual exposure.

A

14

26
Q

• Is a disease of the liver caused by HCV, new HCV infections are usually asymptomatic
• By the time person find out that, damage to liver may have already occurred
• The disease can be mild/serious
• The virus can cause acute/chronic illness

A

Hepatitis C

27
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis C?

A

2-26 weeks; average 6-8 weeks

28
Q

What is the typical route of transmission for Hepatitis C?

A

route of transmission is through
needle stick injury or sharing parenteral devices or accidental exposure to blood through splashes on mucous membrane of eyes and nose

29
Q

Also known as “spotted fever”
• infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis,
same causative agent of meningitis

A

Menningococcemia

30
Q

What is the infectious agent for Meningococcemia?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

31
Q

What is the incubation period of Meningococcemia?

A

7-21 days in paralytic case ; repeated range of 3-35 days

32
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Meningococcemia?

A

• Person to person: respiratory droplet and
contact with nasal and throat secretions
• Contact with freshly soiled articles/material
• Prolonged contact with infected person
• Through carrier in rare conditions

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Meningococcemia?

A

Nasopharyngitis → Sudden onset of spiking
high grade fever with chills, nausea, vomiting,
malaise, and headache → Petechial rash,
purpuric, or ecchymotic hemorrhage erupt and scattered over the entire body and mucous
membrane → Suppurative necrosis and hemorrhage into the dermal connective tissues → Adrenal lesions started to bleed into the
medulla,whichextendstothecortex

34
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for Meningococcemia?

A
  1. Blood culture
  2. CSF analysis
  3. Culture; secretions from lesions

OTHER DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
a. Skin biopsy
b. Urine test
c. Blood clotting test
d. Complete blood count

35
Q

What are the antibiotics for Meningococcemia?

A

→ Rifampin (Rifadin)
→ Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
→ Ceftriaxone (Rocephine)

36
Q

• Also known as “Bird Flu”
• type of influenza first identified in Italy in
early 1900s
• Currently particularly deadly strain of bird
flu H5N1 strain continues to spread among poultry in Egypt and in certain parts of Asia.
• H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus deadly to most avian species; can also be fatal to humans and other mammals that catch the virus from birds.
• feared that H5N1 could mutate and gain ability to spread person to person, causing a worldwide pandemic.

A

Avian influenza

37
Q

Belongs to influenza virus A of
orthomyxoviridae family & negative
stranded segmented pathogens
• Spreads through the air and in Bird
manure.
• Wild fowl act as resistant carriers
spreading it to more susceptible domestic
stocks.
• Transmitted by contaminated feed, water,
equipment and clothing, no evidence that virus survive well cooked meat

A

Avian influenza virus

38
Q

What is the incubation period of avian influenza?

A

3-5 days

39
Q

What is the mode of transmission for avian influenza?

A

• Close contact with infected birds or bird
droppings
• Plucking infected birds
• Inhalation of aerosolized materials in live
bird markets
• Swimming or bathing in water contaminate
with the droppings of infected birds
• Some infections have occurred in people
who handle fighting cocks

40
Q

What are the symptoms of avian influenza?

A

• Typical flu-like symptoms - fever, sore throat, cough and muscle aches
• Pneumonia or respiratory distress
• Gastrointestinal manifestation - diarrhea,
nausea, and vomiting

41
Q

When immunized for avian influenza, production of antibodies is stimulated after how many weeks?

A

2 weeks

42
Q

What are the recommended vaccines for avian influenza?

A

Inactivated influenza vaccine
Recombinant influenza vaccine
Live attenuated influenza vaccine

43
Q

• Viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin • Serious form of pneumonia that causes
acute respiratory distress or severe
difficulty of breathing; could lead to death

A

Severe acute respirespiratory syndrome (SARS)

44
Q

What is the infectious agent for SARS?

A

SARS CoV

45
Q

What is the incubation period for SARS?

A

2-10 days

46
Q

SARS is most infectious during its
symptomatic period, which usually occur on
__ week

A

2nd

47
Q

SARS

Advises that recovering patients should limit
contact with other people for __ days

A

10

48
Q

SARS

The virus is stable in urine and feces at room temperature for at least __ to __ days

A

1-2 days

49
Q

SARS

can survive to __ days in stool from patients with diarrhea

A

4

50
Q

SARS

It can survive on paper, plastic surfaces, and stainless steel for __ hours

A

72

51
Q

SARS

On a glass slide, stay viable for up to __ hours

A

96

52
Q

SARS

Virus loses infectivity after exposure to different commonly used disinfectant and fixative heat at __ C

A

56C

53
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for SARS?

A
  1. Real time PCR
  2. Nasopharyngeal aspirated for virus isolation
  3. Stool and urine culture
  4. Serum specimen for serology
54
Q

Most people infected w/virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover w/o requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention

A

COVID 19

55
Q

What is the infectious agent for COVID 19?

A

SARS-CoV-2 Virus

56
Q

What is the incubation period for COVID 19?

A

2-14 days; average 5 days

57
Q

What are the mode of transmission for COVID19?

A

Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Fomite

58
Q

COVID 19

Keep physical distance of at least __ from others, even if they don’t appear to be sick. Avoid crowds and close contact.

A

1 meter

59
Q

COVID 19

What are the most common symptoms?

A

Fever
• Dry cough
• Fatigue
• Loss of taste or smell

60
Q

COVID 19

What are the severe symptoms?

A

Shortness of breath, Loss of appetite,
Confusion, Persistent pain or pressure in the
chest, High temperature (above 38C).

61
Q

COVID 19

What are the less common symptoms?

A

Loss of taste or smell, Nasal congestion, Conjunctivitis (also known as red eyes), Sore throat, Headache, Muscle or joint pain, Different types of skin rash, Nausea or vomiting, Diarrhea, Chills or dizziness.

62
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for COVID 19?

A
  1. Antibody test
  2. Rapid antigen test
  3. Real time polymerase chain reaction

NCM 104 LEC (9 decks)

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