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NCM 104 LEC > COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (2) > Flashcards

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (2) Flashcards

1
Q

• Are also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Are predominantly transmitted by sexual contact including vaginal, anal, and oral sex
• Some are contracted through nonsexual contact such us through blood, blood products
• Pass from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth

A

Sexually transmitted diseases

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2
Q

What are the 4 curable infections?

A

Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Tricomoniasis

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3
Q

What are the 4 incurable infections?

A

Hepatitis B
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
HIV
HPV

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4
Q

Also known as CLAP, FLORES BLANCAS, GLEET

A

Gonorrhea

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5
Q

It is the infectious agent for Gonorrhea.

It is a gram negative coccus found in pairs, non spore forming, non motile. It is fragile, does not survive long outside the body. Readily killed by drying sunlight, ultraviolet light and ordinary disinfection/disinfectants. Cannot live for more than a few seconds outside the body

A

Neisseria gonorrheae

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6
Q

What is the incubation period for Gonorrhea?

A

3-21 days

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7
Q

What are the modes of transmission for Gonorrhea?

A

Contact with exudates
Rupture of membranes (giving birth)
Direct contact with secretions
Fomites and purulent vulvovaginitis
Sexual contact (oral, genital, anogenital)

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8
Q

What is the period of communicability for Gonorrhea?

A

It is variable

The infected person may remain communicable as long as organisms are present in secretions and discharges

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9
Q

Who are more at risk for Gonorrhea?

A

Young individuals
History of gonorrhea infection
People with STDs like HIV/AIDS
People with multiple partners

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea for female?

A
  • Burning sensation and frequent urination
  • Itching at perineal area
  • Redness and swelling of genitals with yellow discharge
  • vaginal bleeding
  • urethritis or cervicitis
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea for male?

A
  • dysuria with purulent discharge (gleet) from urethra
  • rectal infection among homosexuals
  • inflammation of urethra
  • prostatitis, pelvic pain, and fever
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12
Q

GONORRHEA

Manifestations in the eyes

A

pain, photophobia or sensitivity to light, affected
eye or eyes. Usually have both discharges.

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13
Q

GONORRHEA

Manifestations in the throat

A

sore throat, and swollen lymph
nodes in neck

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14
Q

GONORRHEA

Manifestations in the joints

A

affected joints usually painful. Specifically, if pt is moving around, pain is accompanied by swelling, redness and warmth

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15
Q

GONORRHEA

Manifestations in the recum

A

itchiness followed by discharge. Sometimes blood is present in e stools and can be mistaken for internal hemorrhoid

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16
Q

Diagnostic test for female with Gonorrhea

A

Inoculation of specimen on
Thayer-Martin medium is made

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17
Q

Diagnostic test for males with Gonorrhea

A

Gram-staining of urethral discharge

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18
Q

Complications of Gonorrhea

A

Infertility
Epididymitis
Arthritis
Conjunctivitis
Meningitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum

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19
Q

GONORRHEA

Disease can spread to uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility

A

Infertility in women

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20
Q

GONORRHEA

A highly convoluted duck behind testes where sperm passes to vas deferens becomes inflamed

A

Epididymitis

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21
Q

GONORRHEA

Neisseria gonorrhea can
spread to all parts of body through bloodstream, including joints where it causes inflammation associated with pain and stiffness

A

Arthritis

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22
Q

GONORRHEA

infection can spread to eye through contact w/ genital secretions from person who has the infection

A

CONJUNCTIVITIS

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23
Q

GONORRHEA

it is rare but through bacterial dissemination, microorganisms can infect heart and meninges, leading to inflammation

A

MENINGITIS

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24
Q

GONORRHEA

Babies who contract gonorrhea from mothers during birth, left untreated it ends in blindness

A

OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM

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25
Q

Uncomplicated Gonorrhea should be treated only with:

A

Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Penicillin
Parenteral therapy
Crede’s prophylaxis

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26
Q

Also known as Lues Veneral and Morbus Gallicus

A chronic, infectious STD that usually begins in mucous membrane and quickly become systemic.
If left untreated, will cause serious complications.
Syphilis is simple to cure using the correct treatment.

A

SYPHILIS

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27
Q

What is the infectious agent for Syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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28
Q

What is the incubation period for Syphilis?

A

10-90 days

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29
Q

What are the modes of transmission for Syphilis?

A

Direct
Indirect
Vertical
Accidental

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30
Q

What is the source of infection for Syphilis?

A
  1. Discharge from obvious or concealed lesions of the skin or mucous membranes
  2. Mucous discharges from the nose, eyes, genital tract, or bowel
  3. Surface lesions can contain high counts of the spirochetes
  4. Semen, blood, tears and urine of infected person
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31
Q

What are the 4 kinds of manifestation in people with Syphilis?

A

Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary

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32
Q

→ Characterized by presence of sores at original site of infection
→ 2-3 weeks
→ Lesions (known as chancre) usually occur

A

Primary stage

33
Q

Chancres usually appear where among males?

A

Head of penis

34
Q

Chancres usually appear where among females?

A

On vulva
Vaginal wall
Cervix

35
Q

SYPHILIS

Even without treatment, chancres disappear after how many days

A

10-30 days

36
Q

→ Occurswhenhematogenousspreadofthe organism from original chancre leads to generalized infection.
→ The signs and symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis can be mild and might go unnoticed.
→ The development of mucocutaneous lesions & generalized lymphadenopathy signifies onset of secondary phase that occur few days to 8 weeks
→ Alopecia may occur, but it’s temporary.
→ Nails become brittle and pitted

A

Secondary stage

37
Q

SYPHILIS

Appears 2 to 3 weeks involves the trunk and the extremities, including the palm of and the soles of the feet, with swollen lymph nodes & fever. Can be macular, papular, pustular or nodular.

A

Rashes

38
Q

SYPHILIS

uniform in sizes, well defined, and generalized

A

Lesions

39
Q

SYPHILIS

often erupts between rolls of fat on the trunk and on the arms, palms, soles, face, and scalp

A

Macules

40
Q

SYPHILIS

Inwarm,moistareasofthebodylesions enlarge and erode, producing highly contaminated __

A

Condylomata Alta

41
Q

→ No signs and symptoms but the microorganisms are still alive in the body
→ Not contagious – but syphilis may still affect the heart, brain, nerves, bones and other parts of the body
→ Can last for years

A

Latent stage

42
Q

→ Associated w/ several medical problems.
→ A physician can usually diagnose tertiary
syphilis w/ help of multiple tests.
→ It can affect heart, brain and other organs.
→ Tertiary syphilis presents a slowly
progressive inflammatory disease with the
potential to affect multiple organs
→ This stage is considered destructive but
noninfectious.
→ Patient is less contagious to others, but
infected individuals experience several
problems.

A

Tertiary stage

43
Q

What are the three types of neurosyphilitic symptoms?

A

Meningeal syphilis
General paresis
Tabes dorsal is

44
Q

SYPHILIS

Presence of headache, nausea, and vomiting, stiff neck cranial nerve pulses, seizures, and changes in mental status

A

Meningneal syphilis

45
Q

SYPHILIS

commonly present as stroke syndrome, often preceded by sub-acute encephalitic syndrome such as headache, vertigo, insomnia, and psychological abnormalities

A

Meningovascular syphilis

46
Q

SYPHILIS

personality abnormalities, changes in affect hyperactivity, and speech deficit

A

GENERAL PARESIS

47
Q

SYPHILIS

has signs and symptoms of demyelination of posterior columns, dorsal root and dorsal root ganglia manifested by an ataxic widespread wide base gait, foot slap, paresthesia, bladder disturbances and impotence. Trophic joint degeneration results from loss of pain sensation also occurs

A

TABES DORSALIS

48
Q

Involving liver: epigastric pain,
tenderness, enlarged spleen and anemia
• It affects upper respiratory tract, it may cause perforation of nasal septum or palate.
• In severe cases, destroys bones and other organs.

A

Late stage syphilis

49
Q

SYPHILIS

The nails may be loosened and shed off

A

Syphilitic nonychia

50
Q

SYPHILIS

localized soft, gummy vascular granulation tissues that may occur anywhere. This can obstruct blood supply and may result in necrosis. The size of these lesions ranges from microscopic to several centimeters in diameter. They commonly develop on the skin, bones, mouth, larynx, liver and stomach

A

Gummas

51
Q

SYPHILIS

It is is approx. 3 cm in diameter,
rounded, and contains serous to seropurulent fluid swarming with treponemes

A

Bullae

52
Q

SYPHILIS

Liver cells tend to be __ and ___ formed

A

immature ; imperfectly

53
Q

SYPHILIS

Infants abdomen is __

A

Protuberant

54
Q

SYPHILIS

The most common late vision associated w/ late congenital syphilis, usually begin at any age (4 to 30 or later)

A

Interstitial Keratitis

55
Q

SYPHILIS

Diagnostic tests:

A

• Darkfield illumination test
• Fluorescent treponemal antibody
absorption test
• Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
(slide test and rapid plasma reagen tst • CSF analysis

56
Q

Treatment for Syphilis:

A

Penicillin G benzathine - syphilis more than a year
Tetracycline/doxycycline- nonpregnant, allergies to penicillin

57
Q

SYPHILIS

Encourage on VDRL testing after how many months

A

3, 6, 12, 24

58
Q

All pregnant women should be tested for syphilis at their __ prenatal visit

A

First

59
Q

• Clinical manifestation of HIV infection.
• When person’s immune system breaks
down, becomes susceptible to many infections, eventually ends in death. - the individual presents w/ opportunistic infections that have unlimited extent and possibilities.
• Symptoms of a typical presentation and severity.

A

AIDS

60
Q

Patients with this disease are are very infectious, very ill, and prone to aggressive kinds of opportunistic diseases.

A

AIDS

61
Q

What is the infectious agent for AIDS?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

62
Q

AIDS

Virus attacks and slowly destroys immune system, which leads to__

A

IMMUNE DEFICIENCY

63
Q

You can manage AIDS with this therapy

A

Antiretroviral therapy

64
Q

AIDS

• Flu-like symptoms (fever, headache and rash)
Virus replicates & disseminates throughout body.
A high level of viral replication takes place and virus attacks and destroys infection-fighting CD4 cells of immune system. level of HIV in blood is very high, w/c greatly increases risk of HIV transmission

In about 3 weeks, may display symptoms like feer, lymphadenopathy, rash, muscle ache and headache
Resolved in 3-4 weeks because immune system begins to gain control over virus

A

Primary infection

65
Q

AIDS

Patient with chronic HIV infection may not have any HIV related symptoms
HIV continues to multiply in body, but very low level
Without treatment, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer

A

Asymptomatic HIV infection/clinical latency

66
Q

HIV severely damaged immune system, body can. The body can no longer fight off opportunistic infections
→ Final & most severe stage of HIV infections
→ People with HIV are diagnosed w/ AIDS if their CDs count is less than 200 cells/mm3

A

AIDS

67
Q

AIDS

one of first opportunistic infection associated w/ AIDS and most common

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

68
Q

What are the clinical respiratory manifestations of AIDS?

A

Pneumonia
MAC
Tuberculosis

69
Q

fungal infection that occurs in almost all patients w/ AIDS & AIDS related condition, characteristic is creamy white patches in oral cavity, left untreated will affect esophagus up to stomach. Patient experience difficulty & painful swallowing & retrosternal pain

A

Oral candidiasis

70
Q

Patient goes into a hypermetabolic state where excessive calories are burned and lean body mass is lost ; diarrhea, GI malabsorption, and anorexia

A

Wasting syndrome

71
Q

most common HIV related malignancy associated with low CD4 count. There are continuous lesions that appear anywhere in body and are brownish pink in color. They may be raised or flat on skin

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

72
Q

2nd most common malignancy associated with AIDS. Spread out of brain, bone marrow & GIT

A

B-cell lymphoma

73
Q

formally known as AIDS Dementia Complex. Memory deficit, headache, difficulty in concentrating cycle motor slowing, progressing to delay in verbal response hallucinations, paraparesis, seizures, blank stare and death can follow any time.

A

HIV encephalopathy

74
Q

generative disorder that affects the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord, resulting in spastic paraparesis, ataxia and incontinence

A

Vascular myelopathy

75
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for AIDS/HIV?

A

• Wester blot analysis - confirmatory diagnostic test
• Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Particle agglutination (PA) Test
• Immunofluorescent test
• Radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA)
• Antigen/antibody test
• Antibody test - blood is checked solely for
presence of antibodies
• OraQuick HIV Test - swab test provides
results in 20 min
• Home Access HIV Test system - finger prick,
result is available after 24 hrs

76
Q

What are the 4 Cs in the management of AIDS

A

Counseling
Compliance
Contact tracing
Condoms

77
Q

What is the RA for AIDS prevention and control act of 1998

A

RA 8504

78
Q

What is the RA for AIDS prevention and control act of 1998?

A

RA 8604

79
Q

What is the Philippine HIV and AIDS policy act of 2018?

A

RA 11166

NCM 104 LEC (9 decks)

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