COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (2) Flashcards
• Are also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Are predominantly transmitted by sexual contact including vaginal, anal, and oral sex
• Some are contracted through nonsexual contact such us through blood, blood products
• Pass from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth
Sexually transmitted diseases
What are the 4 curable infections?
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Tricomoniasis
What are the 4 incurable infections?
Hepatitis B
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
HIV
HPV
Also known as CLAP, FLORES BLANCAS, GLEET
Gonorrhea
It is the infectious agent for Gonorrhea.
It is a gram negative coccus found in pairs, non spore forming, non motile. It is fragile, does not survive long outside the body. Readily killed by drying sunlight, ultraviolet light and ordinary disinfection/disinfectants. Cannot live for more than a few seconds outside the body
Neisseria gonorrheae
What is the incubation period for Gonorrhea?
3-21 days
What are the modes of transmission for Gonorrhea?
Contact with exudates
Rupture of membranes (giving birth)
Direct contact with secretions
Fomites and purulent vulvovaginitis
Sexual contact (oral, genital, anogenital)
What is the period of communicability for Gonorrhea?
It is variable
The infected person may remain communicable as long as organisms are present in secretions and discharges
Who are more at risk for Gonorrhea?
Young individuals
History of gonorrhea infection
People with STDs like HIV/AIDS
People with multiple partners
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea for female?
- Burning sensation and frequent urination
- Itching at perineal area
- Redness and swelling of genitals with yellow discharge
- vaginal bleeding
- urethritis or cervicitis
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea for male?
- dysuria with purulent discharge (gleet) from urethra
- rectal infection among homosexuals
- inflammation of urethra
- prostatitis, pelvic pain, and fever
GONORRHEA
Manifestations in the eyes
pain, photophobia or sensitivity to light, affected
eye or eyes. Usually have both discharges.
GONORRHEA
Manifestations in the throat
sore throat, and swollen lymph
nodes in neck
GONORRHEA
Manifestations in the joints
affected joints usually painful. Specifically, if pt is moving around, pain is accompanied by swelling, redness and warmth
GONORRHEA
Manifestations in the recum
itchiness followed by discharge. Sometimes blood is present in e stools and can be mistaken for internal hemorrhoid
Diagnostic test for female with Gonorrhea
Inoculation of specimen on
Thayer-Martin medium is made
Diagnostic test for males with Gonorrhea
Gram-staining of urethral discharge
Complications of Gonorrhea
Infertility
Epididymitis
Arthritis
Conjunctivitis
Meningitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum
GONORRHEA
Disease can spread to uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
Infertility in women
GONORRHEA
A highly convoluted duck behind testes where sperm passes to vas deferens becomes inflamed
Epididymitis
GONORRHEA
Neisseria gonorrhea can
spread to all parts of body through bloodstream, including joints where it causes inflammation associated with pain and stiffness
Arthritis
GONORRHEA
infection can spread to eye through contact w/ genital secretions from person who has the infection
CONJUNCTIVITIS
GONORRHEA
it is rare but through bacterial dissemination, microorganisms can infect heart and meninges, leading to inflammation
MENINGITIS
GONORRHEA
Babies who contract gonorrhea from mothers during birth, left untreated it ends in blindness
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
Uncomplicated Gonorrhea should be treated only with:
Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Penicillin
Parenteral therapy
Crede’s prophylaxis
Also known as Lues Veneral and Morbus Gallicus
A chronic, infectious STD that usually begins in mucous membrane and quickly become systemic.
If left untreated, will cause serious complications.
Syphilis is simple to cure using the correct treatment.
SYPHILIS
What is the infectious agent for Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What is the incubation period for Syphilis?
10-90 days
What are the modes of transmission for Syphilis?
Direct
Indirect
Vertical
Accidental
What is the source of infection for Syphilis?
- Discharge from obvious or concealed lesions of the skin or mucous membranes
- Mucous discharges from the nose, eyes, genital tract, or bowel
- Surface lesions can contain high counts of the spirochetes
- Semen, blood, tears and urine of infected person
What are the 4 kinds of manifestation in people with Syphilis?
Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
→ Characterized by presence of sores at original site of infection
→ 2-3 weeks
→ Lesions (known as chancre) usually occur
Primary stage
Chancres usually appear where among males?
Head of penis
Chancres usually appear where among females?
On vulva
Vaginal wall
Cervix
SYPHILIS
Even without treatment, chancres disappear after how many days
10-30 days
→ Occurswhenhematogenousspreadofthe organism from original chancre leads to generalized infection.
→ The signs and symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis can be mild and might go unnoticed.
→ The development of mucocutaneous lesions & generalized lymphadenopathy signifies onset of secondary phase that occur few days to 8 weeks
→ Alopecia may occur, but it’s temporary.
→ Nails become brittle and pitted
Secondary stage
SYPHILIS
Appears 2 to 3 weeks involves the trunk and the extremities, including the palm of and the soles of the feet, with swollen lymph nodes & fever. Can be macular, papular, pustular or nodular.
Rashes
SYPHILIS
uniform in sizes, well defined, and generalized
Lesions
SYPHILIS
often erupts between rolls of fat on the trunk and on the arms, palms, soles, face, and scalp
Macules
SYPHILIS
Inwarm,moistareasofthebodylesions enlarge and erode, producing highly contaminated __
Condylomata Alta
→ No signs and symptoms but the microorganisms are still alive in the body
→ Not contagious – but syphilis may still affect the heart, brain, nerves, bones and other parts of the body
→ Can last for years
Latent stage
→ Associated w/ several medical problems.
→ A physician can usually diagnose tertiary
syphilis w/ help of multiple tests.
→ It can affect heart, brain and other organs.
→ Tertiary syphilis presents a slowly
progressive inflammatory disease with the
potential to affect multiple organs
→ This stage is considered destructive but
noninfectious.
→ Patient is less contagious to others, but
infected individuals experience several
problems.
Tertiary stage
What are the three types of neurosyphilitic symptoms?
Meningeal syphilis
General paresis
Tabes dorsal is
SYPHILIS
Presence of headache, nausea, and vomiting, stiff neck cranial nerve pulses, seizures, and changes in mental status
Meningneal syphilis
SYPHILIS
commonly present as stroke syndrome, often preceded by sub-acute encephalitic syndrome such as headache, vertigo, insomnia, and psychological abnormalities
Meningovascular syphilis
SYPHILIS
personality abnormalities, changes in affect hyperactivity, and speech deficit
GENERAL PARESIS
SYPHILIS
has signs and symptoms of demyelination of posterior columns, dorsal root and dorsal root ganglia manifested by an ataxic widespread wide base gait, foot slap, paresthesia, bladder disturbances and impotence. Trophic joint degeneration results from loss of pain sensation also occurs
TABES DORSALIS
Involving liver: epigastric pain,
tenderness, enlarged spleen and anemia
• It affects upper respiratory tract, it may cause perforation of nasal septum or palate.
• In severe cases, destroys bones and other organs.
Late stage syphilis
SYPHILIS
The nails may be loosened and shed off
Syphilitic nonychia
SYPHILIS
localized soft, gummy vascular granulation tissues that may occur anywhere. This can obstruct blood supply and may result in necrosis. The size of these lesions ranges from microscopic to several centimeters in diameter. They commonly develop on the skin, bones, mouth, larynx, liver and stomach
Gummas
SYPHILIS
It is is approx. 3 cm in diameter,
rounded, and contains serous to seropurulent fluid swarming with treponemes
Bullae
SYPHILIS
Liver cells tend to be __ and ___ formed
immature ; imperfectly
SYPHILIS
Infants abdomen is __
Protuberant
SYPHILIS
The most common late vision associated w/ late congenital syphilis, usually begin at any age (4 to 30 or later)
Interstitial Keratitis
SYPHILIS
Diagnostic tests:
• Darkfield illumination test
• Fluorescent treponemal antibody
absorption test
• Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
(slide test and rapid plasma reagen tst • CSF analysis
Treatment for Syphilis:
Penicillin G benzathine - syphilis more than a year
Tetracycline/doxycycline- nonpregnant, allergies to penicillin
SYPHILIS
Encourage on VDRL testing after how many months
3, 6, 12, 24
All pregnant women should be tested for syphilis at their __ prenatal visit
First
• Clinical manifestation of HIV infection.
• When person’s immune system breaks
down, becomes susceptible to many infections, eventually ends in death. - the individual presents w/ opportunistic infections that have unlimited extent and possibilities.
• Symptoms of a typical presentation and severity.
AIDS
Patients with this disease are are very infectious, very ill, and prone to aggressive kinds of opportunistic diseases.
AIDS
What is the infectious agent for AIDS?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
AIDS
Virus attacks and slowly destroys immune system, which leads to__
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
You can manage AIDS with this therapy
Antiretroviral therapy
AIDS
• Flu-like symptoms (fever, headache and rash)
Virus replicates & disseminates throughout body.
A high level of viral replication takes place and virus attacks and destroys infection-fighting CD4 cells of immune system. level of HIV in blood is very high, w/c greatly increases risk of HIV transmission
In about 3 weeks, may display symptoms like feer, lymphadenopathy, rash, muscle ache and headache
Resolved in 3-4 weeks because immune system begins to gain control over virus
Primary infection
AIDS
Patient with chronic HIV infection may not have any HIV related symptoms
HIV continues to multiply in body, but very low level
Without treatment, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer
Asymptomatic HIV infection/clinical latency
HIV severely damaged immune system, body can. The body can no longer fight off opportunistic infections
→ Final & most severe stage of HIV infections
→ People with HIV are diagnosed w/ AIDS if their CDs count is less than 200 cells/mm3
AIDS
AIDS
one of first opportunistic infection associated w/ AIDS and most common
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
What are the clinical respiratory manifestations of AIDS?
Pneumonia
MAC
Tuberculosis
fungal infection that occurs in almost all patients w/ AIDS & AIDS related condition, characteristic is creamy white patches in oral cavity, left untreated will affect esophagus up to stomach. Patient experience difficulty & painful swallowing & retrosternal pain
Oral candidiasis
Patient goes into a hypermetabolic state where excessive calories are burned and lean body mass is lost ; diarrhea, GI malabsorption, and anorexia
Wasting syndrome
most common HIV related malignancy associated with low CD4 count. There are continuous lesions that appear anywhere in body and are brownish pink in color. They may be raised or flat on skin
Kaposi’s sarcoma
2nd most common malignancy associated with AIDS. Spread out of brain, bone marrow & GIT
B-cell lymphoma
formally known as AIDS Dementia Complex. Memory deficit, headache, difficulty in concentrating cycle motor slowing, progressing to delay in verbal response hallucinations, paraparesis, seizures, blank stare and death can follow any time.
HIV encephalopathy
generative disorder that affects the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord, resulting in spastic paraparesis, ataxia and incontinence
Vascular myelopathy
What are the diagnostic tests for AIDS/HIV?
• Wester blot analysis - confirmatory diagnostic test
• Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Particle agglutination (PA) Test
• Immunofluorescent test
• Radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA)
• Antigen/antibody test
• Antibody test - blood is checked solely for
presence of antibodies
• OraQuick HIV Test - swab test provides
results in 20 min
• Home Access HIV Test system - finger prick,
result is available after 24 hrs
What are the 4 Cs in the management of AIDS
Counseling
Compliance
Contact tracing
Condoms
What is the RA for AIDS prevention and control act of 1998
RA 8504
What is the RA for AIDS prevention and control act of 1998?
RA 8604
What is the Philippine HIV and AIDS policy act of 2018?
RA 11166
