COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (1) Flashcards
Etiological agent for typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
Incubation period for Typhoid fever
50-40 days
Source of infection for typhoid fever
Carriers
Shellfish (oyster)
Stool and vomitus of infected individual
Mode of transmission for typhoid fever
Fecal oral
Organisms transmitted through 5F’s
Ingestion of contaminated food, water, and milk
What are the manifestations of the onset of typhoid fever?
→ Headache, chilly sensation, aches all over the body
→ Nausea and vomiting
→ Constipationordiarrhea
→ Allsymptomsworsen
→ Fever starts low and increases daily
→ Breathing is accelerated, tongue is furred,
skin is dry and hot, and abdomen is
distended and tender
→ Rose spots
→ Symptoms become more aggrevated
What are the manifestations of typhoid stage?
• Intense symptoms decline in severity
• Tongue protrudes, and become dry and
brown
• Sordes
• Coma vigil
• Subsultus tendinum
• Carpholagia
What are the complications of typhoid fever?
• Intestinal hemorrhage or perforation
• Ascitis and peritonitis
• Bronchitis and pneumonia
• Meteorism or tympanites
• Early heart failure
• Appreance of “typhoid spine” or neuritis
• Septicemia or sepsis
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Painful urination
• Infection and inflammation of meningitis
• Psychiatric problem
What are the diagnostic tests for typhoid fever?
• Typhidot
• ELISA
• Widal test
• Rectal swab Treatment
• Chloramphenicol
• Ampicillin
• Co-trimoxazole
• Ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone
• 3rd and 4th generation drugs
What kind of isolation for typhoid fever?
Enteric isolation
TYPHOID FEVER
When in high risk populations, do you do vaccinations?
Yes
TYPHOID FEVER
What guidelines to do when traveling to high risk areas?
- Wash Hands
- Avoid drinking untreated water
- Go for drinks without ice
- Avoid raw fruits and vegetable
- Choose hot food; steaming hot ones are
best
What is the etiological agent for Leptospirosis?
Leptospira interrogans
What is the incubation period for Leptospirosis?
Varies from 6-15 days
Leptospira icterohaemirrhagiae
From rats
Leptospira bataviae
To rice field workers
Leptospira canicola
From dogs
Leptospira grippotyphosa
From mice
What is the period of communicability of Leptospirosis?
10-20 days after onset
What is the mode of transmission for Leptospirosis?
- ingestion / contact of the skin and mucous membrane with the urine of infected animals or carcasses
- pathogens enter though the break on the skin, enters blood
- person to person is RARE
What is the source of transmission for Leptospirosis?
Contaminated food and water
Urine of infected animals
Who are the people at risk for Leptospirosis?
• Rice or crops farmers on flooded rice fields
• Dairy farmers
• Mine and sewer workers
• Veterinarians and animal caretakers
• Military personnel
• People in large cities
What are the manifestations of the initial phase of Leptospirosis?
Abrupt headache
Fever
Severe muscle ache
Cutaneous hyperthermia
Rapid rising temperature
Bradycardia
Conjunctival effusion
Cutaneous hemorrhages
Skin rashes
What are the manifestations of the second phase of Leptospirosis?
Fever tend to be milder, GIT symptoms and myalgia are less intense
Renal failure
Pulmonary involvement
Decreased hepatic function and jaundice
What are the three sub-stages of the septic stages of Leptospirosis?
Septic
Immune or toxic
Convalescence
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Febrile state for 4-7 days Abrupt onset of intermittent fever
Chills
Headache
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Severe prostration
Septic stage
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Last for 4-30 days
Exhibits iritis, headache, meningeal manifestations
Oliguria and anuria
Shock, coma, and congestive heart failure
Death may occur between the 9th -16 th day
Immune or toxic stage
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Occur during 4th - 5th week
Convalescence
What are the antibiotics for Leptospirosis?
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Medication to PREVENT Leptospirosis
Prophylaxis with doxycycline 200mg/week
What is the management for a person with Leptospirosis?
Isolate, dispose urine properly
Close surveillance
Clean dirty places
Eradicate rats and rodents
What is the etiological agent for Rabies?
Rhabdovirus
What is the incubation period for Rabies?
→ One week-7 1⁄2 months in dogs
→ 10 days-15 years in humans
The incubation period for Rabies depends on what?
- Distance of the bite to the brain
- Extensiveness of the bite
- Species of the animal
- Amount of blood vessels and nerves in the bite site
- The resistance of the host
What area the 2 forms of Rabies?
Furious rabies
Paralytic rabies
RABIES
• Hyperactivity
• Excitable behavior
• Hydrophobia
• Photophobia
• Aerophobia
Furious rabies
RABIES
• Muscles gradually becomes paralyzed
• Coma to death
• Misdiagnosed
Paralytic rabies
What is the period of communicability for Rabies?
3-5 days before onset
What are the diagnostic tests for Rabies?
- Virus isolation
- Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)
- Presence of Negri Bodies in the Dog’s Brain
RABIES
What are the 3 phases?
- Prodromal/invasion phase
- Excitement or neurologic/encephalitic phase
- Terminal/paralytic phase
What to do after exposure to Rabies?
- Extensive washing and local treatment of wound
- Mandatory immunization
- Administration of anti rabies
- Tetanus vaccine
How many days to confine dogs if it has bitten a person?
10-14 days
