Verb Endings

Question 1

-af

Answer 1

1st singular present indicative

Question 2

-y; -yd

Answer 2

2nd singular present indicative

Question 3

[No ending]

Answer 3

The most common 3rd singular present indicative ending
(Often subject to i-affection or centering)

Question 4

-(h)it; -yt; -eyt; -(h)awt; -yd

Answer 4

3rd singular present indicative endings based on old absolute endings.

’-(h)it’ was used for absolute endings. No preverbal particle was necessary.

‘-yd’ appears to be a relative ending, i.e. ‘yssyd’, ‘which is’.

’-(h)awt most often carried future meaning.

Question 5

-wn

Answer 5

1st singular imperfect indicative;
1st plural present indicative

Question 6

-wch

Answer 6

2nd plural present indicative
(Sometimes subject to y/ei-affection)

Question 7

-ant; -ynt; -(h)awnt

Answer 7

3rd plural present indicative

Question 8

-ir; -ator; -otor; -etor; -itor; -(h)awr

Answer 8

Impersonal present indicative
(I.e. ‘is loved’, ‘will be seen’)

The various ‘-tor’ endings are mainly earlier uses.
‘-(h)awr’ mainly carries future meaning.

Question 9

-ut; -ud

Answer 9

2nd singular imperfect indicative

Question 10

-ei; -i; -(i)at

Answer 10

3rd singular imperfect indicative

‘-i’ and ‘-(i)at’ are older forms.

Question 11

-em

Answer 11

1st plural imperfect indicative

Question 12

-ewch

Answer 12

2nd plural imperfect indicative

Question 13

-ynt; -eint

Answer 13

3rd plural imperfect indicative

Question 14

-it

Answer 14

Impersonal imperfect indicative
(Also a form of the old absolute verb ending)

Question 15

-eis

Answer 15

1st singular preterite indicative

Question 16

-eist

Answer 16

2nd singular preterite indicative

Question 17

-awd; -od; -as; -es; -is; -wys; -ws;

(Irregular forms: -erth; -eith; -yth; -t)

Answer 17

3rd singular preterite indicative
(NB: This is probably the most irregular form; learn all the unique forms.)

The irregular forms are kinds of t-preterite. This is present in the following verbs:
Kymerth -> Kymryt (‘to take’)
Differth -> Diffryt (‘to defend’)
Maeth -> Magu (‘to rear’)
Amwyth -> Amwyn (‘to contend’)
Dyreith -> Dyrein (‘to come, rise, lead’)
Cant -> Canu (‘to sing’)
Gwant -> Gwanu (‘to pierce’)

Question 18

-assom; -yssom; -assam; -yssam

Answer 18

1st plural preterite indicative
(The vowel -y- or -a- is often dropped after l, r, aw, yw, ew, eu.)

Question 19

-assawch; -yssawch

Answer 19

2nd plural preterite indicative

Question 20

-assant; -yssant; -assont; -yssont

Answer 20

3rd plural preterite indicative

Question 21

-wyt; -at; -et; -it; -wt; -pwyt; -s; -eint

Answer 21

Impersonal preterite indicative

Question 22

Describe i-affection

Answer 22

Occurs in 3rd singular present indicative verbs.

a -> ei
o -> y
e -> ei, y
aw -> eu, y

For example:
‘archaf’ -> ‘eirch’
‘collaf’ -> ‘cyll’
‘dywedaf’ -> ‘dyweit’
‘tawaf’ -> ‘teu’.

Question 23

Describe y/ei-affection

Answer 23

Occurs in 2nd singular/plural present indicative verbs with the ‘a’ sound.

a -> e

For example:
‘caraf’ -> ‘kery’; ‘kerwch’.

Question 24

Describe centering

Answer 24

Occurs in the last syllable of a word (most commonly a 3rd singular present indicative verb).

high y -> middle y
w -> middle y
aw -> o

For example:
(3. sg. pres. indic.) -> (1. sg. pres. indic.)
‘kyrch’ -> ‘kyrchaf’
‘kwsg’ -> ‘kysgaf’
‘hawl’ -> ‘holaf’

Question 25

Kigleu

Answer 25

He heard; I hear
(3rd singular preterite indicative; 1st singular present indicative)

Verbal noun: ‘clybot’, ‘klywet’.

This is caused by reduplication of the root vowel.

Also present in adwaen, ‘he knows’, from atwen (preterite also has present meaning).