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Exotic Medicine VCS865 > Common Viral Diseases of Companion Birds > Flashcards

Common Viral Diseases of Companion Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Risk Factors

A

Sub-optimal Husbandry

Overcrowding, ventilation, stress

Poor sanitation

Sub-optimal Nutrition

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2
Q

Viral Disease Prevention

A

Vaccines: Polyoma, Pacheoco, Pox, West Nile

Quarantine - Test-cull

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3
Q

Viral Disease

Treatment General

A

Isolation

Fluid and Nutritional support

Antibiotics - prevent secondary bacterial infections

Antivirals??

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4
Q

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Psittacines

A

Spikes in spring, and winter

does better in colder weather

minimal contact with wild birds

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5
Q

Psittacine Beak and Feather disease (PBFD)

Targets:

A

Feathers - do not emerge of are deformed

Imune system - Immunodeficiency

Beak and Nails - soft, overgrown, and lose their pigment

Circovirus

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6
Q

PBFD

Preacute

A

Nestlings and fledglings

Regurgitation

Severe leukopenia

Sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis

Death

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7
Q

PBFD

Acute

A

Nestlings

Depression

feather dystrophy: necrosis, hemorrhage, premature shedding, painful feathers

Non-regenerative anemia

Leukopenia <1000wbc

Secondary Aspergillosis

Hepatic necrosis

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8
Q

PBFD

Chronic

A

6 months or older

Non-specific signs

Beak and Feather lesions

Immunosuppression

Death usually within 6-12 months

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9
Q

PBFD

Beak Pathology

A

Common in cockatoos

Advanced disease

Elongation, overgrowth

Longitudinal cracks

Palatine necrosis

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10
Q

PBFD

Tansmission

A

Feces, Feather Dander, Crop secretions

Asymptomatic shed for years

Virus stable in environment

Co-infections with polyoma

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11
Q

PBFD

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs

Viral PCR
Histopathology deformed feathers

Feather follicle biopsy

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12
Q

PBFD

“treatment” and Control

A

Supportive care

Strict Hygiene

Quarantine and Testing

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13
Q

Psittacine Herpesvirus-1

A

New world Parrots

Acute - pacheco’s disease

Hepatitis

Mucosal Papillomatosis

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14
Q

Pacheco’s disease virus (herpesvirus)

Virus shed in

A

feces

respiratory secretions

Ocular secretions

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15
Q

Pacheco’s disease virus (herpesvirus)

Transmission

A

ingestion

inhalation

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16
Q

Pacheco’s disease virus (herpesvirus)

A

Incidence unknown

Subclinical infection is common = latent infection in some species

Any bird that survives infection should be consideres a carrier

Shedding occurs secondary to stressors

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17
Q

Pacheco’s disease virus (herpesvirus)

Antemortem DIagnosis

A

Acute disease

Fecal viral isolation

Fecal electron microscopy

Serology - poor sensitivity

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18
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

A

APV-1: small psittacine spp. (budgie fledgling disease)

APV-2 Large psittacine spp. Hepatitis

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19
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Species Susceptibility

Higly susceptible

A

Budgies

Conures

Lovebird

Eclectus

RIng-neck parakeet

Macaws

20
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Species Susceptibility

Infrequent

A

cockatiel

lorikeets

amazon parrots

21
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Species Susceptibility

Rarely seen

A

Cockatoos

Quaker parrots

African Grey parrots

22
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus - 1

A

Small psittacine spp.

“budgie fledgling disease”

High nestling death rate 10-25 days

Feather dystrophy

Subcutaneous hemorrhage

23
Q

“French Molt”

A

specific persentation found in young budgerigars and characterized by abnormal Feathering

24
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus - 2

A

Large psittacine spp.

Hepatits

25
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Transmission

A

Direct: feces, urine, crop secretions, feather dander, skin

Vertical Transmission in budgies

Many latent infections

Stable in Environment

26
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Diagnosis

A

PCR

Serology - Ab titer - indicates exposure

Necroplsy

27
Q

Avian Polyoma Virus

Prevention and Control

A

Vaccination at >35 days old; booster 2-3 weeks

All in - All out nursery

Avoid Mixing Species

28
Q

Poxvirus

A

Many species of poxvirus

Affecting 20 avian families

Variable host specificity

Most common in canaries

Introduced through a break in skin

Trauma

Mosquito

29
Q

Poxvirus

Syndromes

A

Dry / cutaneous

Wet / Mucosal

Septicemic

30
Q

Poxvirus

Dry / Cutaneous

A

Fetherless areas of face, body, and feet

Proliferative masses

Typically regress after 4-6 weeks

31
Q

Poxvirus

Wet / diphtheritic

A

Early - blepharitis, chemosis, conjunctivitis

Later - Diptheritic lesions in oropharynx and trachea

32
Q

Poxvirus

Septicemic / systemic

A

Common in canaries and finches

Acute conjunctivitis

Dyspnea

70% mortality with death within 2-3 days

Lung tumors in survivors

33
Q

Poxvirus

Diagonsis

A

Cytology / histology

Large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions

34
Q

Poxvirus

Treatment and control

A

Supportive care

Mosquito control

Vaccines - specific

35
Q

West Nile Virus

A

First seen in NYC in 1999

Documented in 76 native and captive bird species

Transmitted by a mosquito

Insect-bird-insect cycle

Zoonosis

36
Q

West Nile Virus

Clinical SIgns

A

Asymptomatic

Non-specific

Neurologic signs

Sudden death

37
Q

West Nile Virus

Diagnosis

A

PCR
Serology - ELISA (IgM)

Viral isolation

Brain IHC

38
Q

West Nile Virus

Treatment

A

Supportive care only

39
Q

West nile virus

Prevention / control

A

Mosquito netting / scree

Vaccination - equine vaccine with limited efficacy

40
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Other names

A

Macaw wasting disease

proventricular dilation disease

Neuropathic gastric dilatation

Myenteric Ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis

41
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Clinical Presentation

A

Non-specific

Gastrointerstinal

Neurologic

GI-Neuro combination

Species

42
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Gastrointestinal Signs

A

Emaciation

Crom impaction

Regurgitation

Maldigestion

Malabsorption

43
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Neurologic Signs

A

Ataxia

Seizures

44
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs

Radiography +/- contrast

Endoscoply +/- GI biopsy

Histopathology

PCR - BLood/Fecal/cloaca swab

Serology

45
Q

Avian Borna virus

Histopathology

A

Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis

Lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the Ganglions of GI nerves

46
Q

Avian Borna Virus

Treatment

A

Anti-inflammatory therapy: NSAIDS, Cyclosporine

Supportive care: Feeding, fluids, vitamins

Prognosis

Avoid Sress

Exotic Medicine VCS865 (7 decks)

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