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Exotic Medicine VCS865 > Common Bacterial Diseases of Birds > Flashcards

Common Bacterial Diseases of Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Bacterial flora of companion birds

A

Lactobacillus

Corynebacterium

Monhemolytic Stresptococcus

Macrococcus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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2
Q

Which Bacterial species is most commonly isolated form pododermatitis lesions in birds

A

Staphylococcus areas

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3
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

A

M. Avian - intracellular complex

M. genavese - most common in pet birds

M. Tuberculosis and M. Bovis

ZOONOTIC

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4
Q

What other bacteria stain acid fast postive?

A

Nocordia

legionaella micdadie

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5
Q

What color is a postive acid fast staining bacteria

A

RED

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6
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Susceptible

A

all species

immunocompromised individuals at greater risk

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7
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Transmission

A

Primarily oral route

Possible aerosol route

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8
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Clinical Signs

A

Chronic weight loss

very thin body condition

Gastrointestinal and hepatic signs

Less common: Respiratory signs

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9
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Lesions

A

Most common in GI tract and liver

Lungs - can see estensive involvemnt of respiratory system

Masses in skin and conjunctiva

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10
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Pathogenesis

A

Do NOT form classic tubercles of mammalian mycobacteriosis

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11
Q

Avian Mycobateriosis

Diagnosis

A

PCR of tissue biopsies

Histopathology with acid fast stain

Cytology - Stain poorly with gram stain

Culture - challenging, very slow growing

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12
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Treatment

A

Euthanasia often recommended due to zoonotic risk → never been documented

Triple or quadrouple therapy, ioniazid, clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin

Very long treatment (QOL)

tends to recur years later

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13
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Gross pathology

External lesions

A

poor BCS

SQ swelling that appear as tumors → usually on head, face, occasionally mandible and neck

Nodules in eyelids

Pathologic fractures of long bones d/t osteomyelitis

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14
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Gross pathology

internal lesions

A

Organs afftected: liver, spleen, intestines, lungs, air sacs, throacic and abdominal cavities

Pale yellow to tan nodules in 1 or more organs

Severe intestinal thickening

Amyloidosis has been linked in some species (ducks)

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15
Q

Avian Mycobacteriosis

Histopathology

A
  1. Granulomas - caseous, central area of necrosis with accumulation of eosinophilic debris surrounded by layer of multinucleated giant cells
  2. Infiltration of a large number of foamy macrophages +/- multinucleated giant cells but no tissue necrosis
  3. infiltraiton of a large number of foamy macrophages +/- multinucleated giant cells but NO tissue necrosis
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16
Q

Mycoplasmosis

Taxonomic groups affected

A

passerines

poultry

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17
Q

Mycoplasmosis

Transmission

A

highly transmissible → spread through ocular and nasal discharge

Poor survival outside the host

Requires exchange of discharges

most common at sites of close contact - feeders

18
Q

Mycoplasmosis

Clinical Signs

A

conjunctivitis - red, swollen eyelids, clear ocular surface

Rhinitis and sinusitis - nasal d/c

Crusting along eyelid margins → damage to cornea, ocular d/c, loss of sight

General ADR

19
Q

Mycoplasmosis

Diagnosis

A

PCR on lesions or sinus flush

Culture - slow growing

20
Q

Mycoplasmosis

Management and prevention

A

wild birds - remove feeders

Initial concern in treating birds due to risk of subclinical carriers

Current recommendations: tylosin in water, ciprofloxacin, meloxicam

Decrease close contact

Environmental cleanup

21
Q

Clostridial Disease

A

Common problem in raptors, chickens, and quail

22
Q

Clostridial disease

toxin-producing organsims

A

clostridium perfringens

Commonly assoaciated with food and the thawing process

23
Q

Clostridial disease

Clinical signs

A

sudden death

necrotic enteritis

24
Q

Clostridial disease

Diagnosis

A

fecal cytology → safety pin appearance

25
Q

Clostridial Disease

Treatment

A

Fluid therapy - often in hypovolemic shock

Metronidazole

26
Q

Clostridial Disease

Botulism

Toxin produced by

A

C. Botulinum

toxin prevents acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction → ascending flaccid paralysis

27
Q

Clostridial disease

Botulism

A

Most common in wild, water birds

28
Q

Salmonellosis

specied affected

A

mainly passerines, affected especially at bird feeders

Also in raptors fed birds and rodents

Pigeons

29
Q

Salmonellosis

Clinical Signs

A

passerines - septicemia

Raptors - enteritis

Pigeons - arthritis

30
Q

Salmonellosis

Diagnosis

A

Culture - needs enrichment

31
Q

Salmonellosis Zoonotic?

A

YES!!!!

32
Q

Avian Cholera

Etiologic agent

A

Pasteurella multocida

33
Q

Avian Cholera

Disease presentation

A

Acute: death in 6-48 hours after exposure

Chronic: localized infection of bursae, wattles, joints, tendon sheaths, and footpads

Lameness, exudative conjunctivitis and pharyngitis

Torticollis

34
Q

Avian Cholera

Susceptibility to disease

A

depends on age, sex, genetics, immune status, nutritional status, concurrent disease, host, strain virulence

35
Q

Avian Cholera

Transmission

A

exposure through mucous membranes of pharynx or upper airway passages or Cuts/abrasions in skin

Ingestion - common in scavengers and predators

Other: aerosol, insect, fomite

Environmental contamination from diseased birds = primary source of infection

36
Q

Avian Cholera

Diagnosis

A

clinical suspicion of disease when large numbers of dead birds found in a short time

confirmed by bacterial culture

37
Q

Avian Cholera

treatment

A

eradication in a flock - complete depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection

38
Q

Avian Cholera

Prevention

A

Good management and biosecurity

Keep wildlife out

susceptible to standard disninfectants

vaccines available

39
Q

Antimicrobial usage

A

Limited pharmacokinetic and safety data

Most are off-label usage (warn owners)

Doses very differnet form mammals - birds are MUCH HIGHER DOSES

40
Q

Antimicroial Selection

No different from other species

A

Determine cause and site of infection

Pathogen susceptibility

Severity of illness

Conditions at site of infection

pK and PD data of drug

Side effects and toxicity

41
Q

Antimicrobial Selection

Compliance

A

can be harder for owners to medicatio a bird vursus dog or cat

42
Q

Antimicrobial Selection

Dose, route, frequency

A

Is it realistic to give 1ml to a 30 gram bird

Frequency of administraion

Route of administration

Exotic Medicine VCS865 (7 decks)

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