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Exotic Medicine VCS865 > Chlamydiosis and Fungal disease of Birds > Flashcards

Chlamydiosis and Fungal disease of Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

A

Chlamydia psittaci

Small, obligate intracellular bacterial

Obligate = depends on host cell for energy needs

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2
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Transmission

A

Fecal-oral, aerosol, secretions

Persists in organic material - aersolization from dried feces common

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3
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Susceptibility

A

All birds

Most commonly affected pet birds: budgerigars, cockatiels

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4
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Other names

A

psittacosis, ornithosis, parrot fever, chlamydophilia

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5
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Biphasic Development

Elementary bodies

A

Infections

Extracellular

Metabolically nonacitve - no reporduciton, not susceptible to antibodics

Shed by infected animals, then ingested or inhaled by host

Attach to cell and penetrate → Reticulate Body

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6
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Biphasic Development

Reticulate Bodies

A

Intracellular

Metabolically active form

Reproduces by binary fission and are susceptible to antibodies

Outcome: condense inot elementary bodies and passes to daughter cells during mitosis, released from cell if cell lyses or ithere is endosome fusion

Once released, revert back to elementary bodies

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7
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

BIphasic development

Intermediate Body

A

Form between RB nd EB

AKA dispersing form, condensing form

Not reproductively active

Form in sub-optimal conditions

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8
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

LIfe Cycle

A

Can be as short as 48 hours

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9
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Incubation period

A

5-19 days

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10
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Clinical Signs

A

No pathognomonic signs → easily confused with other dieases

Vary widely

Asymptomatic - many birds are carriers

Symptomatic - lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, oculonasal discharge, sinusitis, Systemic compromise to liver = change in urate color, Uncommon: head tilt, paresis, tremors

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11
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Antemortem Diagnosis

CBC

A

Sometimes anemia, leukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosis, toxicity

May see inclusion bodies in heterophis

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12
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Antemortem Diagonsis

Biochemistry

A

elevated liver enzymes, uric acid, beta globulins, bile acids

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13
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Antemortem Diagnosis

Radiographs

A

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, air sac thickening

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14
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Antemortem Diagnosis

DNA PCR

A

Live organisms are not needed

Contaminants can inhibit PCR and give false negative

Cross contamintiaon at any step can give false postitve

CCC swab

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15
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Postmortem Diagnosis

A

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, air sacculitis, pericarditis, pneuomonia, enteritis, nephrosis

Intracytoplasmic inclusions

Fibrinupurulent Serositis

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16
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Treatment

A

Tetracyclines - best

45 day course, oral and IM forms

Azithromycin

Retest 2-8 weeks after treatment

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17
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Mangement and Prevention

A

Quarantine - 30 days and tesl all new introduciton into a collection

Immunity short lived

Clean and disinfect shortly after treatment initiation and treatment conclusions

18
Q

Avian Chlamydiosis

Zoonotic risk?

A

VERY ZOONOTIC

Inhalation or ingestion of contaminated dust - usually exposure to urban pigeons

Human Sings: wide range

Flu-like symptoms to death

19
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Saprophytic fungus

Ubiquitous in environment

Opportunistic pathogen

NOT contagious

20
Q

Aspergillosis

Species Susceptibility

A

Arctic and Northern raptor

some juvenile birds

Penguins

Some parrots: african grey

Pelagic birds

21
Q

Aspergillosis

Risk Factors

A

Various substraes: hay, straw, corn

Immune status: neoplasia, circovirus, coritcosteroid treatment

Poor ventilation

High heat and humidity

22
Q
A

Form of Aspergillosis

23
Q

Apergillosis

Clinical signs

A

Most commonly, respiratoty signs

Chronic weight loss and anorexia

Decreased fitness

24
Q

Aspergillosis

Diagnosis

A

CBC - marked leukocytosis

Imaging - opacities in the lungs and or air sacs

Coelioscopy - GOLD STANDARD, biopsies for cytology, histopathology, culture

25
Q

Aspergillosis

Dioagnosis - Limitied Utility

Antibody Detection

A

Humoral immunity less important than cellular for fungal infections

May be present in healthy patients

Negative - does not rule out infection

Postive - oly useful in conjunction with other findings

26
Q

Aspergillosis

Dioagnosis - Limitied Utility

Galactomannan

A

Detects fungal antigen galactomonnan

False positive common d/t cross reaction with other antigens

Fasle negative - common not understood why

27
Q

Aspergillosis

Treatment

A

Itraconazole, vericonazole

Allyamine: terbinafine

Polyenes: amphotericin B

Best success with a combination of drugs and routes of administration

28
Q

Candidiasis

A

Candida albicans

Ubiquitous yeast

29
Q

Candidiasis

Susceptible

A

Unweaned chicks

Juvenile parrots

Cockatiels

Immunocompromised birds

Birds on long term antimicrobials

30
Q

Candidiasis

Cause of Infections

A

Endogenous due to yeast overgrowth

Oral inoculation of overwhelming numbers

31
Q

Candidiasis

Physical Exam Findings

A

Isolated to the GIT

Oral whit lesions

White lesions along GIT

32
Q

Candidiasis

PE Findings

Adult bird

A

Weight loss

Lethargy

Dull plumage

33
Q

Candidiasis

PE FInding

Young Birds

A

More severe

anorexia

crop stasis

white plaques in oral cavity

Regurgitaiton

Weight loss

34
Q

Candidiasis

Diagnosis

A

Cytlogy of the mouth, crop swan, or fecal swab

Considered normal when in low numbers and when not budding

35
Q

Candidiasis

Treatment

A

Nystatin

No systemic absorption

Requires direct contact; with lesions

consider for milder form of disease

Large volume required

Fungistatic and not absorned form GIT → only effective in direct contact with tissue

Low toxicity

36
Q

Candidiasis

Treatment

Fluconazole

A

Systemic absorption

Consider for more sever forms of disease, when systemic concerns arise

37
Q

Macrorhabdosis

A

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

Previously called Megabacteria ornithogaster or Avian gastric yeast

Obligate pathogen yeast, typically of smaller bird species

38
Q

Macrorhabdosis

Susceptible

A

Budgerigars

Lovebirds

Parroltlets

Eclectus parrots

Passerines

Ostriches

39
Q

Macrorhabdosis

Clinical signs

A

Often nonspecific

Weight loss - “going light syndrome”

Progressive over months, usually with good appetite

Regurgitation

Diarrhea and maldigestion

Melena

40
Q

Macrorhabdosis

Differential diagonsis

A

Trichomoniasis

Candidiasis

Heavy metal toxicity

Bacterial ventriculitis / entertitis

Neoplasia

Avian Bornavirus

41
Q

Macrorhandosis

Antemortem Diagonsis

A

Challenging - shedding intermittent

CBC/Chemistry - nonspecific, anemal, decreased electrolytes

Imaging - nonspecific, proventricular dilation

Exotic Medicine VCS865 (7 decks)

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