Common Reproductive Issues

Question 1

Common Menstrual Disorders

Answer 1

Amenorrhea 
Dysmenorrhea
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
Premenstrual syndrome 
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Endometriosis

Question 2

Common Women’s Reproductive disorders

Answer 2

Menstrual disorder
Infertility
Contraception
Abortion
Menopause

Question 3

Amenorrhea

Answer 3

Absence of menses during reproductive years

Primary and Secondary Amenorrhea

Question 4

Primary Amenorrhea

Answer 4

Absence of menses by age 14 with absence of development of secondary sexual characteristics or
Absence of menses by age 16 with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 5

Secondary Amenorrhea

Answer 5

Absence of menses after a previous menstrual cycles

Question 6

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 6

Painful menstruation

Primary and secondary

Question 7

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Answer 7

increased prostaglandin production

Question 8

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Answer 8

Pelvic or uterine pathology
Surgery pain
Endometriosis is the most common cause

Question 9

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Answer 9

Similar to and may overlap with other uterine bleeding disorders

• most often at the beginning and end of menstrual cycle
• hormonal disturbance
• treat underlying cause

Question 10

Premenstrual Syndrome

Answer 10

a constellation of recurrent symptoms that occur during the luteal phase or last half of the menstrual cycle and resolve with the onset of menstruation

Question 11

What is a more serious form of PMS?

Answer 11

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Question 12

Symptoms of PMS/PMDD (ACDHO)

Answer 12

A-anxiety 
C-craving
D-depression
H-hydration
O-other

Question 13

How many symptoms must be present to be diagnosed with PMS and PMDD?

Answer 13

PMS-at least 1 during the 5 days before menses in each of the three previous cycles
PMDD-at least 5 and must occur during the week before and a few days after the onset of menstruation

Question 14

Endometriosis

Answer 14

bits of functioning endometrial tissue are located outside of their normal site, the uterine cavity

Question 15

Primary Infertility

Answer 15

the inability to conceive a child after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse unprotected by contraception

Question 16

Secondary Infertility

Answer 16

the inability to conceive after a previous pregnancy

Question 17

Male Factor Assessment for infertility

Answer 17

semen analysis, sexual characteristics, external and internal reproductive organ examination, digital prostate examination

Question 18

Female Infertility Factor assessment

Answer 18

ovarian function pelvic organs

Question 19

Laboratory and diagnostic testing for infertility

Answer 19

• Home ovulation predictor kits
• Clomiphene citrate challenge test
• Hysterosalpingogram
• Laparoscopy

Question 20

Risk factors for Amenorrhea

Answer 20

menstrual history, past illnesses, hospitalizations, surgeries, obstetric history, use of prescriptions, lifestyle changes, present illnesses

Question 21

Risk factors for Endometriosis

Answer 21

family history, short menstrual cycle, long menstrual flow, high fat consumption, young age of menarche, few or no pregnancies

Question 22

Contraception BEHAVIORAL Methods

Answer 22

• Abstinence
• Fertility awareness
• Withdrawal
• Lactational amenorrhea method

Question 23

How can a woman have fertility awareness?

Answer 23

• Cervical mucous ovulation method
• Basal body temperature
• Symptothermal method
• Standard days method

Question 24

Contraception BARRIER Method

Answer 24

• Condoms
• Diaphragm
• Cervical cap
• Contraceptive sponge

Question 25

Contraception HORMONAL Method

Answer 25

- Oral contraceptive - Injectable contraceptives - Transdermal patches - Vaginal rings - Implantable contraceptives - Intrauterine contraceptives - Emergency contraception

Question 26

Contraception STERILIZATION

Answer 26

- Tubal ligation | - Vasectomy

Question 27

Tubal ligation

Answer 27

Sterilization for women | -a laparoscope is inserted; fallopian tubes are grasped and sealed

Question 28

Vasectomy

Answer 28

Sterilization for men - Local anesthetic - Involves cutting the vas deferens, which carries the sperm

Question 29

What is the gold standard for assessing patency of the fallopian tubes?

Answer 29

Hysterosalpingography

Question 30

Surgical Abortion

Answer 30

two types of surgical abortion: vacuum aspiration or dilation and evacuation

Question 31

Medical Abortion

Answer 31

achieved through administration of medication either vaginally or orally

Question 32

Menopausal Transition

Answer 32

transition from a woman's reproductive phase of her life to her final menstrual period

Question 33

Menopause and the Brain

Answer 33

hot flashes, sleep, mood, and memory problems

Question 34

Menopause and the Heart

Answer 34

lower levels of HDL; increased risk of CVD

Question 35

Menopause and Bones

Answer 35

bone density loss; increased risk of osteoporosis

Question 36

Menopause and Breasts

Answer 36

duct and gland tissues replaced by fat

Question 37

Menopause and Genitourinary

Answer 37

vaginal dryness, stress incontinence, cystitis

Question 38

Menopause and GI

Answer 38

less Ca+ absorbed; increased fractures

Question 39

Menopause and Skin

Answer 39

skin dry, thin; collagen decreases

Question 40

Abortion

Answer 40

the expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is viable | -medical or surgical

Question 41

Sexual Abstinence

Answer 41

not having vaginal or anal intercourse | -least expensive form of contraception

Question 42

Fertility awareness

Answer 42

any natural contraceptive method that does not require hormones, pharmaceutical compounds, physical barriers, or surgery to prevent pregnancy -use physical signs and symptoms

Question 43

Cervical Mucous Ovulation Method

Answer 43

Used to assess the character of cervical mucous -the woman becomes aware of her bodies changes that accompany ovulation and she abstains from sexual intercourse or uses other methods to prevent pregnancy

Question 44

Basal Body Temperature

Answer 44

the lowest temperature reached on awakening - temp rises 1-2 days after ovulation - woman avoids sex until the BBT has been elevated for 3 days

Question 45

Withdrawal "Coitus Interruptus"

Answer 45

a man controls his ejaculation during sexual intercourse and ejaculates outside the vagina -least effective

Question 46

Diaphragm

Answer 46

soft latex dome surrounded by a metal spring - inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix - inserted up to 4 hours before intercourse but must be left in place for at least 6 hours after

Question 47

Cervical cap

Answer 47

smaller than the diaphragm and covers only the cervix; held in place by suction

Question 48

Contraceptive Sponge

Answer 48

nonhormonal, nonprescription device that includes both a barrier and a spermicide - covers the cervix and releases spermicide - inserted 24 hours before intercourse and up to 6 hours after intercourse

Question 49

Vaginal Ring

Answer 49

contains both estrogen and progesterone hormones -flexible, soft, transparent ring that is inserted by the user for a 3 week period followed by a ring free week to allow withdrawal bleeding

Question 50

Transdermal patch

Answer 50

delivers continuous flow of estrogen and progesterone absorbed through the skin -applied for 3 weeks followed by a week free period to allow bleeding

Question 51

Intrauterine Contraceptives

Answer 51

hormonal or nonhormonal - prevents pregnancy via inhibition of sperm mobility and viability and change the speed of transport of the ovum in the fallopian tube - small plastic and T-shaped

Question 52

Emergency Contraception

Answer 52

reduces the risk of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure -used within 72 hours

Question 53

Essure

Answer 53

nonsurgical, nonhormonal, permanent birth control method - for women who do not wish to have more children - released into the fallopian tubes through the cervix and promotes tissue growth eventually blocking the tubes (3 months)